Study on the effect of processing methods on the total polyphenol, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilben-2-O-ß-D-glucoside, and physcion contents in Fallopia multiflora Thunb. Haraldson root

Abstract This study investigated the changes in the ingredients in Fallopia multiflora Thunb. Haraldson (FMT) root after processing it with different methods such as soaking, stewing, and steaming or combined methods. The total polyphenol, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilben-2-O-ß-D-glucoside (THSG), and physcion contents in FMT products after processing were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) methods. The results demonstrated that the processing method and time significantly affected the contents of polyphenol, THSG, and physcion. The physcion and total polyphenol content increased or decreased during processing depending upon the processing time, while the THSG content gradually decreased with an increase in the processing time. The content of physcion (a substance that can cause liver toxicity) was analysed, and the suitable conditions for processing of the FMT products were determined as initial soaking in rice swill for 24 h and subsequent stewing with black beans and water for 12 h

Diversity of microbial community and its metabolic potential for nitrogen and sulfur cycling in sediments of Phu Quoc island, Gulf of Thailand.

Although Phu Quoc island, Gulf of Thailand possesses diverse marine and coastal ecosystems, biodiversity and metabolic capability of microbial communities remain poorly investigated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the biodiversity and metabolic potential of sediment microbial communities in Phu Quoc island. The marine sediments were collected from three different areas and analyzed by using 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon approach. A total of 1,143,939 reads were clustered at a 97% sequence similarity into 8,331 unique operational taxonomic units, representing 52 phyla. Bacteria and archaea occupied averagely around 86% and 14%, respectively, of the total prokaryotic community. Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, and Thaumarchaeota were the dominant phyla in all sediments, which were involved in nitrogen and sulfur metabolism. Sediments harboring of higher nitrogen sources were found to coincide with increased abundance of archaeal phylum Thaumarchaeota. Predictive functional analysis showed high abundance prokaryotic genes associated with nitrogen cycling including nifA-Z, amoABC, nirA, narBIJ, napA, nxrAB, nrfA-K, nirBD, nirS, nirK, norB-Z, nlnA, ald, and ureA-J, based on taxonomic groups detected by 16S rRNA sequencing. Although the key genes involved in sulfur cycling were found to be at low to undetectable levels, the other genes encoding for sulfur-related biological processes were present, suggesting that alternative pathways may be involved in sulfur cycling at our study site. In conclusion, our study for the first time shed light on diversity of microbial communities in Phu Quoc island.

Genetic Determinism of Sensitivity to Corynespora cassiicola Exudates in Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis).

An indirect phenotyping method was developed in order to estimate the susceptibility of rubber tree clonal varieties to Corynespora Leaf Fall (CLF) disease caused by the ascomycete Corynespora cassiicola. This method consists in quantifying the impact of fungal exudates on detached leaves by measuring the induced electrolyte leakage (EL%). The tested exudates were either crude culture filtrates from diverse C. cassiicola isolates or the purified cassiicolin (Cas1), a small secreted effector protein produced by the aggressive isolate CCP. The test was found to be quantitative, with the EL% response proportional to toxin concentration. For eight clones tested with two aggressive isolates, the EL% response to the filtrates positively correlated to the response induced by conidial inoculation. The toxicity test applied to 18 clones using 13 toxinic treatments evidenced an important variability among clones and treatments, with a significant additional clone x treatment interaction effect. A genetic linkage map was built using 306 microsatellite markers, from the F1 population of the PB260 x RRIM600 family. Phenotyping of the population for sensitivity to the purified Cas1 effector and to culture filtrates from seven C. cassiicola isolates revealed a polygenic determinism, with six QTL detected on five chromosomes and percentages of explained phenotypic variance varying from 11 to 17%. Two common QTL were identified for the CCP filtrate and the purified cassiicolin, suggesting that Cas1 may be the main effector of CCP filtrate toxicity. The CCP filtrate clearly contrasted with all other filtrates. The toxicity test based on Electrolyte Leakage Measurement offers the opportunity to assess the sensitivity of rubber genotypes to C. cassiicola exudates or purified effectors for genetic investigations and early selection, without risk of spreading the fungus in plantations. However, the power of this test for predicting field susceptibility of rubber clones to CLF will have to be further investigated.

Composition of essential oils from Euodia lepta (Spreng.) Merr and Euodia calophylla Guill., grown in Vietnam / Composición de los aceites esenciales de Euodia lepta (Spreng.) Merr y Euodia calophylla Guill., crecidas en Vietnam

The chemical compositions of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, stems and flowers of Euodia lepta and Euodia callophylla grown in Vietnam and then analysed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were being reported. The main compounds of the leaves oil of E. lepta were (E)-beta-ocimene (24.4 percent), alpha-pinene (9.8 percent), (Z)-beta-ocimene (6.3 percent) and delta-cadinene (5.2 percent), while the stems oil comprised of spathulenol (26.0 percent), (E)-beta- ocimene (9.9 percent) and (Z)-9-octadecenamide (7.7 percent). However, ciscarane (19.2 percent), alpha-cadinol (10.8 percent), alpha-pinene (10.5 percent) and (E)-beta-ocimene (9.0 percent) were present in the flowers oil of E. lepta. On the other hand, alpha-pinene (8.3 percent), trans-alpha-bergamotene (7.5 percent), (E)-beta-ocimene (7.0 percent) and (E)-nerolidol (6.6 percent) were the major constituents of the leaves oil of E. calophylla. The quantitatively significant compounds of the stems oil were (E,E)-alpha-farnesene (11.9 percent), alpha-terpinolene (11.3 percent) and alpha-pinene (8.2 percent), while alpha-pinene (21.6 percent), limonene (19.0 percent) and sabinene (15.5 percent) were obtained from the flowers oil...

La composición químicas de los aceites esenciales obtenidos por hidrodestilación de las hojas, tallos y flores de Euodia lepta y Euodia callophylla cultivadas en Vietnam, fueron analizados por cromatografía de gases-detector de ionización de llama (GC-FID) y la cromatografía de gases/espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Los principales compuestos del aceite de hojas de E. lepta fueron (E) -beta-ocimeno (24,4 por ciento), alfa-pineno (9,8 por ciento), (Z)-beta- ocimeno (6,3 por ciento) y delta-cadineno (5.2 por ciento), mientras que los tallos de aceite estaban compuestos de spatulenol (26,0 por ciento), (E) -beta-ocimeno (9,9 por ciento) y (Z) -9- octadecenamida (7,7 por ciento). Sin embargo, cis-carano (19,2 por ciento), alfa-cadinol (10,8 por ciento), alfa-pineno (10,5 por ciento) y (E) -beta-ocimeno (9,0 por ciento) estaban presentes en el aceite de flores de E. lepta. Por otro lado, alfa-pineno (8,3 por ciento), trans-alfa-bergamoteno (7,5 por ciento), (E) - beta-ocimeno (7,0 por ciento) y (E) -nerolidol (6,6 por ciento) fueron los principales constituyentes del aceite de las hojas de E. calophylla. Los compuestos cuantitativamente significativos del aceite de los tallos fueron (E, E)-farneseno -alfa (11,9 por ciento), alfa-terpinoleno (11,3 por ciento) y alfa-pineno (8,2 por ciento), mientras que alfa-pineno (21,6 por ciento), limoneno (19,0 por ciento) y sabineno (15,5 por ciento) se obtuvieron del aceite de las flores...

A KDEL-tagged monoclonal antibody is efficiently retained in the endoplasmic reticulum in leaves, but is both partially secreted and sorted to protein storage vacuoles in seeds.

Transgenic plants are attractive biological systems for the large-scale production of pharmaceutical proteins. In particular, seeds offer special advantages, such as ease of handling and long-term stable storage. Nevertheless, most of the studies of the expression of antibodies in plants have been performed in leaves. We report the expression of a secreted (sec-Ab) or KDEL-tagged (Ab-KDEL) mutant of the 14D9 monoclonal antibody in transgenic tobacco leaves and seeds. Although the KDEL sequence has little effect on the accumulation of the antibody in leaves, it leads to a higher antibody yield in seeds. sec-Ab(Leaf) purified from leaf contains complex N-glycans, including Lewis(a) epitopes, as typically found in extracellular glycoproteins. In contrast, Ab-KDEL(Leaf) bears only high-mannose-type oligosaccharides (mostly Man 7 and 8) consistent with an efficient endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention/cis-Golgi retrieval of the antibody. sec-Ab and Ab-KDEL gamma chains purified from seeds are cleaved by proteases and contain complex N-glycans indicating maturation in the late Golgi compartments. Consistent with glycosylation of the protein, Ab-KDEL(Seed) was partially secreted and sorted to protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in seeds and not found in the ER. This dual targeting may be due to KDEL-mediated targeting to the PSV and to a partial saturation of the vacuolar sorting machinery. Taken together, our results reveal important differences in the ER retention and vacuolar sorting machinery between leaves and seeds. In addition, we demonstrate that a plant-made antibody with triantennary high-mannose-type N-glycans has similar Fab functionality to its counterpart with biantennary complex N-glycans, but the former antibody interacts with protein A in a stronger manner and is more immunogenic than the latter. Such differences could be related to a variable immunoglobulin G (IgG)-Fc folding that would depend on the size of the N-glycan.