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1.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci ; 378(1867): 20210081, 2023 01 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36373926

ABSTRACT

Many natural forests in Southeast Asia are degraded following decades of logging. Restoration of these forests is delayed by ongoing logging and tropical cyclones, but the implications for recovery are largely uncertain. We analysed meteorological, satellite and forest inventory plot data to assess the effect of Typhoon Doksuri, a major tropical cyclone, on the forest landscapes of central Vietnam consisting of natural forests and plantations. We estimated the return period for a cyclone of this intensity to be 40 years. Plantations were almost twice as likely to suffer cyclone damage compared to natural forests. Logged natural forests (9-12 years after cessation of government-licensed logging) were surveyed before and after the storm with 2 years between measurements and remained a small biomass carbon sink (0.1 ± 0.3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) over this period. The cyclone reduced the carbon sink of recovering natural forests by an average of 0.85 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, less than the carbon loss due to ongoing unlicensed logging. Restoration of forest landscapes in Southeast Asia requires a reduction in unlicensed logging and prevention of further conversion of degraded natural forests to plantations, particularly in landscapes prone to tropical cyclones where natural forests provide a resilient carbon sink. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.


Subject(s)
Cyclonic Storms , Forestry , Ecosystem , Vietnam , Forests , Tropical Climate , Trees , Conservation of Natural Resources
2.
J Endocrinol Invest ; 45(8): 1483-1495, 2022 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35181849

ABSTRACT

The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to overwhelm health care systems impairing human to human social and economic interactions. Invasion or damage to the male reproductive system is one of the documented outcomes of viral infection. Existing studies have reported that SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to this loss in relation to inflammatory responses and the formation of cytokine storms in COVID-19 patients. Although direct infection of the testes and entry of SARS-CoV-2 into semen as well as subsequent consequences on the male reproductive system need to be studied more systematically, warnings from two organising ASRM and SART for prospective parents when infected with SARS-CoV-2 should be considered. In the context of an increasingly complex pandemic, this review provides preliminary examples of the potential impact of COVID-19 on male reproductive health and guidance for prospective parents currently infected with or recovering from SARS-CoV-2.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , Male , Pandemics , Prospective Studies , Reproductive Health , SARS-CoV-2
3.
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol ; 41(9): 1740-1744, 2020 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32675339

ABSTRACT

Malignant epithelioid glioneuronal tumor is a rare high-grade, aggressive brain tumor that shows both glial and neuronal differentiation on histopathology but is not included in the current World Health Organization classification. The neuroimaging appearance is variable but may be secondary to the size of the mass and/or location of the tumor. In our series, all epithelioid glioneuronal tumors were encountered in the supratentorial space and included pineal, temporal, and extratemporal lobar cerebral hemisphere locations. When large, the tumors demonstrate cystic degeneration and necrosis, hemorrhage, contrast enhancement, and regions of low apparent diffusion coefficient scalars consistent with patterns seen with other high-grade pediatric brain tumors. The tumors also have a propensity to spread into the meninges at presentation and for distant CSF spread on follow-up imaging.


Subject(s)
Ganglioglioma/diagnostic imaging , Ganglioglioma/pathology , Neuroimaging/methods , Supratentorial Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Supratentorial Neoplasms/pathology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male
4.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 98(21): 11961-6, 2001 Oct 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11593004

ABSTRACT

The myeloperoxidase system of neutrophils uses hydrogen peroxide and chloride to generate hypochlorous acid, a potent bactericidal oxidant in vitro. In a mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis, we observed that mice deficient in myeloperoxidase were more likely than wild-type mice to die from infection. Mass spectrometric analysis of peritoneal inflammatory fluid from septic wild-type mice detected elevated concentrations of 3-chlorotyrosine, a characteristic end product of the myeloperoxidase system. Levels of 3-chlorotyrosine did not rise in the septic myeloperoxidase-deficient mice. Thus, myeloperoxidase seems to protect against sepsis in vivo by producing halogenating species. Surprisingly, levels of 3-bromotyrosine also were elevated in peritoneal fluid from septic wild-type mice and were markedly reduced in peritoneal fluid from septic myeloperoxidase-deficient mice. Furthermore, physiologic concentrations of bromide modulated the bactericidal effects of myeloperoxidase in vitro. It seems, therefore, that myeloperoxidase can use bromide as well as chloride to produce oxidants in vivo, even though the extracellular concentration of bromide is at least 1,000-fold lower than that of chloride. Thus, myeloperoxidase plays an important role in host defense against bacterial pathogens, and bromide might be a previously unsuspected component of this system.


Subject(s)
Klebsiella Infections/enzymology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/pathogenicity , Neutrophils/enzymology , Oxidants/metabolism , Peroxidase/physiology , Sepsis/enzymology , Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives , Tyrosine/metabolism , Animals , Bromine/metabolism , Chlorine/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , HL-60 Cells , Humans , Hypochlorous Acid/metabolism , Ions , Klebsiella Infections/metabolism , Klebsiella Infections/mortality , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Peroxidase/genetics , Peroxidase/metabolism , Sepsis/metabolism , Sepsis/mortality
5.
Nucl Med Commun ; 19(8): 771-5, 1998 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9751931

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the 14C-urea breath test by comparing the results to those obtained by endoscopy with mucosal biopsy. We also examined the value of the breath test result obtained prior to endoscopy in predicting peptic ulcer disease. Forty-two individuals underwent the 14C-urea breath test. Collections of expired C02 were analysed using a liquid scintillation counter. All individuals then underwent endoscopy with biopsy. Biopsy material was evaluated by the rapid urease method and by histology for the presence of H. pylori. Our results demonstrated that the 14C-urea breath test was 100% sensitive and specific when compared to the rapid urease test as the 'gold standard' for the detection of H. pylori. In comparison to pathology, the sensitivity remained 100% and the specificity was 89%. The results of the 14C-urea breath test had a poor predictive value for the determination of peptic ulcer disease. We conclude that the 14C-urea breath test can be easily performed at any medical facility equipped with a liquid scintillation counter and can accurately detect H. pylori. A negative breath test result could not exclude the presence of peptic ulcer disease.


Subject(s)
Breath Tests/methods , Carbon Radioisotopes , Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis , Helicobacter pylori , Urea , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Biopsy , Female , Gastroscopy , Helicobacter Infections/metabolism , Helicobacter Infections/microbiology , Helicobacter pylori/metabolism , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Peptic Ulcer/diagnosis , Peptic Ulcer/metabolism , Peptic Ulcer/microbiology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Urea/administration & dosage , Urea/metabolism
6.
J Nerv Ment Dis ; 183(12): 768-73, 1995 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8522939

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to determine the extent of family problems among a clinic population of Cambodian and Vietnamese refugees, and to identify similarities and differences between the two groups. All 107 patients with adolescent children from a total clinic population of 298 were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire, results were tabulated, and statistical methods were applied. The types of problems with children described by parents were classified into the dimensions of communication, personal behaviors, school performance, social behaviors, and antisocial behaviors. There were significantly more problems described by Vietnamese parents as compared with Cambodian parents. Vietnamese parents reported significantly more dissatisfaction with life in the United States. For both ethnic groups, parents' relationships with their adolescent children were a major source of concern and had a major impact on parents' perceptions of their own health. Yet, there were important ethnic differences between these refugee groups in how patients perceived their problems.


Subject(s)
Ethnicity/psychology , Family , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Refugees/psychology , Acculturation , Adolescent , Adult , Antisocial Personality Disorder/diagnosis , Antisocial Personality Disorder/epidemiology , Attitude to Health , Cambodia/ethnology , Child , Comorbidity , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Family Characteristics , Female , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Parent-Child Relations , Personal Satisfaction , Prevalence , Sex Factors , Single Parent/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , United States , Vietnam/ethnology
7.
J Nucl Med ; 35(7): 1167-9, 1994 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8014677

ABSTRACT

Sternal abnormalities in sickle-cell disease have been documented by bone scintigraphy and radiography in patients with homozygous sickle-cell anemia, but not in patients with sickle-thalassemia. We present here two unusual cases of sternal abnormalities in complicated sickle-cell disease. One is an infant with radiographic findings of "sternal cupping" and transient hypo-ossification of the sternum and sickle-thalassemia. The other patient is also a male infant with unusual, persistent under-ossification of bone, in association with radiographic findings of "sternal cupping." The second patient also had a 4P-chromosomal defect (Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome) in which sternal hypo-ossification was described.


Subject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell/diagnostic imaging , Sternum/diagnostic imaging , Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Infant , Male , Radionuclide Imaging , Syndrome , Thalassemia/diagnostic imaging
8.
Clin Nucl Med ; 19(4): 307-8, 1994 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8004861

ABSTRACT

A case of unilateral tibial osteomyelitis in a 20-month-old child after bilateral intraosseous infusion (IOI) needle placement is presented. A review of the indications, potential complications, and scan findings is discussed. This case also shows the lack of significant uptake in the noninfected side, suggesting that a three-phase bone scan is of value in differentiating reactive bone from infected bone in patients with IOI.


Subject(s)
Infusions, Intraosseous/adverse effects , Osteomyelitis/diagnostic imaging , Osteomyelitis/etiology , Tibia/diagnostic imaging , Female , Humans , Infant , Radionuclide Imaging , Shock, Septic/drug therapy , Technetium Tc 99m Medronate
9.
Stroke ; 24(9): 1322-9, 1993 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8362425

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: New therapeutic interventions for acute ischemic stroke are aimed at improving cerebral blood flow in the first 3 to 6 hours after symptom onset. Single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) performed in the setting of clinical therapeutic trials may give us a better understanding of the physiological response to new forms of treatment and could impact acute management decisions. METHODS: We prospectively studied 15 patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke with SPECT within 6 hours of symptom onset and again at 24 hours. The ischemic defect was assessed in a semiquantitative manner that used computer-generated regions of interest (SPECT graded scale). This measure was correlated with clinical presentation (National Institutes of Health [NIH] Stroke Scale), initial clinical course (change in NIH Stroke Scale), long-term outcome (Barthel Index at 3 months), and complications of cerebral hemorrhage and edema. RESULTS: The severity of the SPECT graded scale on the admission scan correlated with the severity of neurological deficit (admission NIH Stroke Scale) (P < .05) and was positively associated with poor long-term outcome as measured with the Barthel Index (P < .001) and the complications of cerebral hemorrhage and massive cerebral edema (P < .005). In fact, there was a threshold value for the SPECT graded scale above which all patients suffered poor long-term outcome and the complications of cerebral hemorrhage and edema. CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of an ischemic defect using SPECT is a valid assessment of hemispheric stroke severity in the hyperacute setting and may be useful for selecting or stratifying patients in clinical therapeutic trials.


Subject(s)
Cerebrovascular Disorders/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Acute Disease , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brain Edema/etiology , Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/complications , Cerebrovascular Disorders/diagnosis , Cerebrovascular Disorders/therapy , Female , Humans , Ischemic Attack, Transient/diagnosis , Ischemic Attack, Transient/diagnostic imaging , Male , Middle Aged , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , United States
10.
Arch Neurol ; 50(8): 855-62, 1993 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8352673

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine if previously hypertensive patients with acute ischemic stroke should be treated with antihypertensive medication in the immediate poststroke period. DESIGN: Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Sixteen consecutive hypertensive patients (four men and 12 women; mean age, 66 years [age range, 46 to 83 years]) with middle cerebral artery infarction within 72 hours of onset and blood pressure between 170 and 220 mm Hg(systolic) and 95 and 120 mm Hg (diastolic). INTERVENTION: Placebo (n = 6), nicardipine hydrochloride (20 mg [n = 5]), captopril (12.5 mg [n = 3]), or clonidine hydrochloride (0.1 mg [n = 2]) given every 8 hours for 3 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Decline in blood pressure, change in cerebral blood flow as measured by single photon emission computed tomography, and clinical change as determined by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. RESULTS: Blood pressure fell significantly in both the drug-treated group as a whole and in those patients receiving placebo (P < .001). There was no difference in blood pressure levels between these two groups throughout the study period. Patients receiving nicardipine had a consistently lower pressure than the other groups. A significant negative relationship was noted between the maximum blood pressure fall and improvement in cerebral blood flow. There were four patients whose blood pressure dropped by more than 16% of the baseline value on any 24 hours in the first 3 days. All either failed to increase or actually decreased their cerebral blood flow to the affected area. Three of these patients were treated with nicardipine. There was no significant difference in clinical course between the placebo-and drug-treated groups as a whole. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertensive ischemic stroke patients with a moderate elevation of blood pressure in the first few days may not require antihypertensive therapy. Nicardipine and possibly other calcium channel blockers may cause an excessive fall in blood pressure and impair cerebral blood flow in these patients and should therefore be used with caution.


Subject(s)
Brain/diagnostic imaging , Cerebrovascular Disorders/etiology , Hypertension/drug therapy , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Analysis of Variance , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Blood Pressure/physiology , Cerebrovascular Circulation/drug effects , Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/physiopathology , Male , Middle Aged , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
11.
Clin Nucl Med ; 16(1): 1-3, 1991 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1999048

ABSTRACT

The rim sign of increased activity in the gallbladder fossa during nuclear hepatobiliary imaging has been described, with one exception, only in conjunction with a nonvisualizing gallbladder, and it strongly suggests acute complicated cholecystitis. A case is presented in which a rim sign was present despite later visualization of the gallbladder in presumed chronic cholecystitis.


Subject(s)
Cholecystitis/diagnostic imaging , Gallbladder/diagnostic imaging , Adult , Chronic Disease , Female , Humans , Imino Acids , Organotechnetium Compounds , Radionuclide Imaging , Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin , Time Factors
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