ABSTRACT
OBJECT: Cerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) has been morphologically distinguished from classically appearing brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) by exhibition of functional brain parenchyma that is intermingled with abnormal vascular channels. The presence of oligemia in this intralesional brain tissue may suggest ischemia, which is not detected in classic brain AVMs. The authors hypothesized that patients with CPA would exhibit a greater impairment of cerebrovascular reserve in neuronal tissue surrounding the true nidus compared with those with brain AVMs. METHODS: Four patients with CPA, 10 patients with brain AVMs and seizures, and 12 young healthy individuals were studied. The 4 patients with CPA underwent blood oxygen level-dependent MR imaging examinations while applying normoxic step changes in end-tidal CO(2) to obtain quantitative cerebrovascular reactivity measurements. RESULTS: Patients with a CPA lesion exhibited severely impaired perilesional cerebrovascular reserve in comparison with patients with brain AVMs and seizures (0.10 ± 0.03 vs 0.16 ± 0.03, respectively; p < 0.05), and young healthy individuals (0.10 ± 0.03 vs 0.21 ± 0.06, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated severely impaired cerebrovascular reserve in the perilesional brain tissue surrounding the abnormal vessels of patients with CPA. This finding may provide an additional means to distinguish CPA from classic brain AVMs.
Subject(s)
Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations/classification , Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Angiography , Brain/blood supply , Brain/pathology , Brain Ischemia/diagnosis , Brain Ischemia/etiology , Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Child , Diagnosis, Differential , Epilepsy/etiology , Female , Humans , Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations/complications , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Severity of Illness Index , Young AdultABSTRACT
There are few studies on invasive pneumococcal disease in pediatric transplant recipients. Given this fact plus the advent of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, we conducted a retrospective study at a major pediatric transplant center. The objectives were to determine the incidence and outcomes of invasive pneumococcal diseases in the patient population and to examine the timing of these infections after transplantation. We determined that invasive disease occurred at a rate that was significantly greater than the rate extrapolated from generally healthy children <5 yr of age (176 episodes per 100 000 children per year vs. 35-68.3 per 100 000 children per year). In addition, disease occurred at a median of approximately 20 months after transplantation, thereby theoretically allowing enough time for vaccination with the 7-valent conjugate vaccine. The study also documented significant missed vaccination opportunities.
