ABSTRACT
The viscoelastic and the structure properties of three brands of dry sausages (Auvergne, Beef-poultry, and Galbanetto) were studied using dynamic rheology and fluorescence spectroscopy. The storage and the loss modulus of sausage samples showed a viscoelastic character. The principal component analysis carried out on the normalized rheological and physico-chemical parameters allowed to differentiate the sausage samples into three groups according to their brands. This trend was confirmed by the factorial discriminant analysis where 74.44% of correct classification was obtained. The emission spectra acquired after excitation set at 290, 340, and 360 nm and excitation spectra scanned after emission set at 410 nm allowed clear differentiation between the three brand samples. The obtained results were confirmed following the application of partial least squares regression to the fluorescence and physico-chemical parameters since an excellent prediction of moisture content was obtained from the excitation spectra set at 340 nm (R2 = 0.99) and 360 nm (R2 = 0.99). The protein content of dry sausages was well predicted after excitation set at 290 and 340 nm with R2 of 0.96 and 0.97, respectively, while the fat level was well estimated after excitation set at 340 and 360 nm and emission set at 410 nm (R2 = 0.96, 0.96 and 0.94, respectively). The obtained results showed the potential use of fluorescence spectroscopy as a rapid technique for evaluating the quality of dry sausages.
Subject(s)
Meat Products , Animals , Cattle , Chemical Phenomena , Discriminant Analysis , Least-Squares Analysis , Meat Products/analysis , Rheology , Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methodsABSTRACT
Lentinus edodes (= Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom grown and marketed for centuries due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. L. edodes has multiple pharmacological activities as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Few studies were performed taking into account the influence of culture conditions to optimize the biological properties of L. edodes on human health. Our work focused on the comparison of antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of L. edodes fruit bodies cultivated by three mushroom producers in the French Occitanie region using the same strain in various growing conditions (organic and nonorganic). Sequential extraction was performed on freeze-dried fungal materials. All extracts have a quantifiable but moderate antioxidant activity measured via DPPH and ORAC tests. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts was evaluated on a model of inflammatory macrophages. The ethanol extracts inhibit NO production in a dose-dependent manner when the cells are pretreated for 4 h with a 24 h stimulation time.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Biological Products/pharmacology , Macrophages/drug effects , Shiitake Mushrooms/chemistry , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Biological Products/isolation & purification , Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Macrophages/metabolism , Mice , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity , Picrates/chemistry , Shiitake Mushrooms/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Most of the current researches on immune function of fungus polysaccharides were based on individual component. Only a few studies were involved in the mixture of proprietary compounds from different species of edible fungi. The main objective of this study was to evaluate mice's immune effects of the mixed polysaccharides (ratio 1: 0.5: 0.5) extracted from Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidium and Grifola frondosa. Kunming mice weighted 20+/-2 g (10 mice/group) was treated for 30 consecutive days with polysaccharides compounds, which were added to basal diet at three concentrations: 0.17, 0.33 and 1.00 g/kg body weight. Then the NK cells' activities, ratio thymus/body and spleen/body, macrophage's activities, hemolysis, and delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) were determined by standard methods. Polysaccharides compounds at the concentrations of 0.33 and 1.00 g/kg body weight significantly increased the thymus and NK cells activities (p< 0.01), as well as the ability of macrophages to phagocyte latex particles and the activity of macrophages (p< 0.05). The hemolytic test and DTH of the tested groups had no remarkable difference compared to that of the control group (p >0.05). The results indicated that the mixed polysaccharides compounds could enhance the cell immune of the mice.
Subject(s)
Basidiomycota/chemistry , Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects , Immunity, Cellular/drug effects , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/immunology , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic , Female , Ganoderma/chemistry , Grifola/chemistry , Hypersensitivity, Delayed , Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects , Killer Cells, Natural/immunology , Lentinula/chemistry , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Lymphocytes/immunology , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , Organ Size , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Random Allocation , Spleen/cytology , Thymus Gland/cytologyABSTRACT
Waste hops are good sources of flavonoids. Extraction of flavonoids from waste hops (SC-CO(2) extracted hops) using supercritical fluids technology was investigated. Various temperatures, pressures and concentrations of ethanol (modifier) and the ratio (w/w) of solvent to material were tested in this study. The results of single factor and orthogonal experiments showed that at 50 degrees C, 25 MPa, the ratio of solvent to material (50%), ethanol concentration (80%) resulted in maximum extraction yield flavonoids (7.8 mg/g). HPLC-MS analysis of the extracts indicated that flavonoids obtained were xanthohumol, the principal prenylflavonoid in hops.
