Pattern sensitivity and photosensitivity in epileptic children with visually induced seizures.

We evaluated photosensitivity and pattern sensitivity in 74 epileptic children (38 males, 36 females aged 4.4-19 years; mean age 11.9 years) with reflex seizures induced by environmental visual stimuli and analyzed clinical and EEG characteristics of patients according to type of sensitivity. Standard procedures of visual stimulation were used in all cases. Seven children were excluded because of poor cooperation (3) or no activation (4). Fifty-one percent of the remaining 67 patients showed sensitivity to both light and pattern, whereas 33% showed photosensitivity and 16% showed pattern sensitivity. Generalized abnormalities were more frequently elicited by intermittent light stimulation than by pattern (73 vs. 36%, p < 0.001). Significant differences in clinical and EEG findings were noted among patients according to their sensitivity to light or/and pattern. In particular, pattern-sensitivity patients without photosensitivity had a higher occurrence of localization-related symptomatic epilepsies, neurologic abnormalities, and epileptiform EEG abnormalities, mainly focal, at rest.

Reflex seizures as initial manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood.

We report a 10-year-old girl with reflex seizures characterized by visual and acoustic hallucinations, induced by visual and acoustic stimulations. The EEG showed atypical spike-wave discharges on the left temporo-occipital area, markedly activated by visual and acoustic stimuli (intermittent light, pattern-reversal stimulation and monoaural right pure tone). The patient was treated with carbamazepine and seizure stopped within 7 months. After 10 months from the start of the therapy she developed signs of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Pattern-sensitive epilepsy: genetic aspects in two families.

We report two families in which five members (three in one and two in the other) suffer from pattern-sensitive epilepsy. In all affected members seizures were induced by environmental visual patterned stimuli. Diagnosis was confirmed by neurophysiological studies, including EEG with pattern and intermittent light stimulation and visual evoked potentials. The role of genetic aspects and the relationship between this form of reflex seizures and photosensitive epilepsy are emphasized.

Rudimentary spike-wave complexes in children during drowsiness.

This study consists of the investigation of the anamnestic and electroclinical features of 37 children who showed paroxysmal activity on EEG during drowsiness. This activity is composed of generalized slow high-voltage waves with intermixed spikes and sharp waves (Rudimentary Spike-Wave complexes). All the children had suffered from febrile convulsions, with none of them developing epileptic syndromes during the 3 years following the onset of the study. We point out the diagnostic value of RSW as well as the necessity of careful monitoring of the waking-drowsy state during EEG in children with febrile convulsions.

Unilateral photoconvulsive response in agenesis of the corpus callosum.

An 11-year-old female presented with the unusual coexistence of self-induced photogenic epilepsy and an atypical epileptiform ictal EEG pattern evoked by intermittent photic stimulation. The EEG showed irregular 2.5-4 Hz spike-wave and polyspike-wave complexes, strictly localized on the left hemisphere, and associated with impairment of consciousness and myoclonic jerking of the contralateral side of the body. A computer tomographic scan showed agenesis of the corpus callosum. According to the literature on corpus callosum section in uncontrolled epilepsies, we hypothesize that in our patient the agenesis of the corpus callosum probably prevented the generalization of the ictal EEG pattern evoked by intermittent photic stimulation.

Self-induced pattern-sensitive epilepsy in childhood.

We studied five children (1 boy and 4 girls) with self-induced pattern-sensitive epilepsy. All patients had refractory epilepsy with multiform, though mainly myoclonic, seizures and medium grade to severe mental retardation. Spontaneously self-induced seizures were documented in all cases by EEG. All the patients underwent full neurophysiological assessment (baseline EEG recording, with activation: eyelid closed, hyperventilation, ILS, EEG during the randomized presentation of 3 types of spatial structured stimuli, VEP-F and VEP-PR). The pattern that triggered the EEG anomalies was highly specific and selective for each patient. Clinical seizures were reproduced by the same patterns as the ones used by the patients to bring on the seizures at will. Authors stress the importance of identifying such peculiar type of epilepsy and of attempting adequate treatment.

[Effects of intravenous administration of chlordesmethyldiazepam on paroxysmal intercritical activity in various electroclinical forms of infantile epilepsy]. / Effetti della somministrazione endovenosa di clordemetildiazepam sull'attività parossistica intercritica in varie forme elettrocliniche di epilessia infantile.

24 patients, ages ranging from 6 months to 14.5 years, affected by epilepsy resistant to common antiepileptic drugs were studied. CDDZ was administered intravenously at doses from 0.5 to 2 mg and EEG was recorded for 45 min (15 min before and 30 after drug administration). In 20 patients the EEGraphic paroxystic activity was modified: in 5 cases a total remission and in 2 cases a partial remission were obtained; in 13 cases the EEG alterations were reduced. Myoclonic petit mal and organic focal seizures were the forms of epilepsy showing the best responses to CDDZ administration. The drug was well tolerated and only in two cases was persistent drowsiness observed for more than six hours, possibly due to concomitant barbiturate therapy.