The Relationship Between Rape Myths, Revictimization by Law Enforcement, and Well-Being for Victims of Sexual Assault.

Relationships between rape myths, revictimization, and postassault well-being were examined in a sample of adult victims of sexual assault (n = 88). Correlation, multiple regression, and path analyses investigated whether conformity to stereotypes of "real rape" or "real victim" was associated with revictimization and well-being. A possible mediating effect of revictimization on the relationship between rape myth conformity and well-being was assessed. The relationship between specific revictimization behaviors and emotions was also analyzed. Questioning victims' resistance to the assault was correlated with revictimization emotions. "Real victim" characteristics were associated with well-being, but no mediating effect of revictimization was observed.

Risk and Protective Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Against Bisexual Victims: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Bisexual-identifying individuals appear to be at increased risk of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) compared to people of other sexualities. The purpose of this systematic scoping review was to examine risk and protective factors for the perpetration of IPV against bisexual victims and to provide a preliminary quality assessment of the included studies. A systematic search of academic and grey literature was conducted in February 2021. Inclusion criteria specified that study participants identified as bisexual, that the study examined risk or protective factors for IPV, and that findings were disaggregated by sexual identity. All potentially eligible references were independently screened by two reviewers, and conflicts settled by a third reviewer. Nine articles published between 2013 and 2021 met criteria for inclusion. Data extraction was completed for all included studies, and findings presented in a narrative synthesis. The review identified a number of risk factors, including bisexual identity, internalised homophobia, discrimination, partner gender, negative childhood experiences and non-monogamy. One study included consideration of a potentially protective factor. The majority of the included studies were cross-sectional in design. More longitudinal studies are needed to clarify temporality of the associations identified and better inform support and prevention efforts. Further implications for future research, policies and practise are discussed.

The role of psychosocial factors in explaining sex differences in major depression and generalized anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Understanding how pandemics differentially impact on the socio-protective and psychological outcomes of males and females is important to develop more equitable public health policies. We assessed whether males and females differed on measures of major depression and generalized anxiety during the COVID-19 the pandemic, and if so, which sociodemographic, pandemic, and psychological variables may affect sex differences in depression and anxiety. METHODS: Participants were a nationally representative sample of Irish adults (N = 1,032) assessed between April 30th to May 19th, 2020, during Ireland's first COVID-19 nationwide quarantine. Participants completed self-report measures of anxiety (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ-9), as well as 23 sociodemographic pandemic-related, and psychological variables. Sex differences on measures of depression and anxiety were assessed using binary logistic regression analysis and differences in sociodemographic, pandemic, and psychological variables assessed using chi-square tests of independence and independent samples t-tests. RESULTS: Females were significantly more likely than males to screen positive for major depressive disorder (30.6% vs. 20.7%; χ2 (1) = 13.26, p < .001, OR = 1.69 [95% CI = 1.27, 2.25]), and generalised anxiety disorder (23.3% vs. 14.4%; χ2 (1) = 13.42, p < .001, OR = 1.81 [95% CI = 1.31, 2.49]). When adjusted for all other sex-varying covariates however, sex was no longer significantly associated with screening positive for depression (AOR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.51, 1.25) or GAD (AOR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.60, 1.57). CONCLUSION: Observed sex-differences in depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland are best explained by psychosocial factors of COVID-19 related anxiety, trait neuroticism, lower sleep quality, higher levels of loneliness, greater somatic problems, and, in the case of depression, increases in childcaring responsibilities and lower trait consciousnesses. Implications of these findings for public health policy and interventions are discussed.

Examining the evidence for best practice guidelines in supportive supervision of lay health care providers in humanitarian emergencies: A systematic scoping review.

Background: Supervision is widely recognised as an important form of support for lay health service providers. However, guidance in appropriate supervision practices for task-shifting health interventions within the unique context of humanitarian emergencies is lacking. This review set out to identify empirically supported features of supervisory practices for lay health care providers in humanitarian emergencies, towards a stronger evidential basis for best practice in supportive supervision. Methods: In January 2021, six databases and five non-governmental organizations' websites were searched for articles examining the effectiveness of supervision for health care interventions delivered by lay providers in humanitarian settings. The inclusion criteria for study selection were qualitative or quantitative primary studies, articles published in peer reviewed journals or technical reports and the availability of the studies in English. The outcomes of interest were client clinical outcomes, health service efficiency and sustainability, and lay health care providers well-being. All articles were independently reviewed by the first and last authors. Results: A total of 3371 articles were initially identified, with a total of 11 articles retained following the systematic screening process (two quantitative, four mixed methods and five qualitative studies). All studies generally reported positive impacts of supportive supervision on client outcomes, service sustainability, staff well-being and staff performance. Only four studies offered emotional support as part of supportive supervision. No studies evaluated the effect of supportive supervision on service efficiency. The narrative synthesis suggests significant challenges with providing supportive supervision, including excessive workloads, difficult supervisory relationships, geographic dispersion of lay providers, safety concerns, poorly trained supervisors, and lack of supervisory guidelines. Conclusions: More efforts are needed to prioritize supportive supervision in task-shifting frameworks and to ensure that supervision is regular, consistent and of high-quality, with well-trained and well-supported supervisors.

Identifying best practice for the supervision of mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian emergencies: a Delphi study.

BACKGROUND: Supportive supervision has been shown to improve worker resilience and wellbeing, which are particularly important in the context of humanitarian emergency settings. Despite its noted importance however, supervision remains an under-prioritised area in mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS). METHOD: The present study used a Delphi consensus-building methodology to examine levels of agreement among a diverse sample of MHPSS stakeholders (n = 48) on key ideas and concepts relating to supervision in humanitarian settings. RESULTS: The majority of statements presented showed a high degree of consensus, with some receiving almost universal agreement, such as the importance of using active listening skills in the supervisory context and the need for supervisors to have access to their own supervisory support. However, disagreement on several points remained. For example, participants disagreed about whether the qualities required to be an effective supervisor can be taught, or whether they are more innate and should be screened for when recruiting supervisors. Gender differences in responses were also analysed, with potential associations between gender and level of agreement emerging in relation to statements about power dynamics, remote supervision, and intervention quality enhancement. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study are discussed in terms of their implications for a forthcoming set of guidelines for supervision of MHPSS in humanitarian settings: The Integrated Model for Supervision (IMS).

Adverse experiences and mental health problems in perpetrators of intimate partner violence in Northern Ireland: A latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND: Trauma and adverse experiences among perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) have been associated with more serious patterns of offending. OBJECTIVE: To examine 1) how traumatic and adverse experiences cluster together and co-occur among IPV perpetrators, and 2) whether different patterns of trauma exposure are associated with specific mental health problems. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The sample consisted of 405 convicted IPV perpetrators from Northern Ireland. METHODS: Data was collected between 2018 and 2019. Latent class analysis identified typologies of exposure to traumatic and adverse experiences. A series of binary logistic regression analyses explored associations between the identified classes and five categories of probable mental health problems. RESULTS: Three adversity classes were identified: a baseline class (59.2%), characterised by relatively low levels of exposure to most types of adversity; a 'childhood adversity' class (32.9%), with high levels of childhood adversity; and a 'community violence and disadvantage' class (7.9%), which had high probabilities of endorsing adversities related to economic hardship and community violence. Regression analyses showed that the childhood adversity class was significantly associated with increased likelihood of all categories of mental health problems, except for neurodevelopmental disorders (ORs = 1.77-3.25). The community violence and disadvantage class was significantly associated with probable mood and anxiety disorder (ORs 3.92 and 8.42, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Different patterns of exposure to adversities were associated with distinct mental health problems in the present sample. Early intervention to prevent poly-victimisation, the clustering of adversities in childhood and the resulting accumulation of risk may be a useful component of preventive responses for IPV in Northern Ireland.

Trauma Exposure and Domestic Violence Offending Severity in a Probation Sample From Post-conflict Northern Ireland.

Domestic violence is more common in post-conflict settings such as Northern Ireland. However, the extent to which trauma and related mental health problems are associated with domestic violence perpetration in the region has not yet been quantitatively assessed. The present study examines relationships between multiple traumas, mental health problems, and five indicators of domestic violence perpetration severity (causing injury, use of a weapon, breach of nonmolestation order, sexual violence, and previous police involvement). The unique risk associated with distinct types of trauma (i.e., childhood maltreatment or conflict related) was also investigated. Perpetrators' case file data (n = 405) were analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression. The rates of recorded trauma exposure and mental health difficulties were 72.3% and 63.5%, respectively. The first logistic regression analyses showed that exposure to multiple traumas was associated with increased likelihood of perpetrating injurious and sexual violence, when controlling for the covariates (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.24-1.28). The second logistic regression analyses showed that childhood maltreatment was the only trauma type to confer unique risk, a relationship that was significant only for the outcome of perpetrating injurious violence (OR = 3.06). Substance misuse was also significantly associated with perpetration of injurious violence, use of weapons, and having past police involvement (ORs = 2.49-3.50). The accumulation of traumatic experiences and substance abuse appear to act as risk factors for some indicators of offending severity. Childhood maltreatment appears to confer particularly strong risk. The findings may support a focus on trauma and substance abuse as intervention targets in post-conflict settings.

Assessing Personality Pathology Response Sets in Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence.

Self-report personality inventories may be useful in directing perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) to appropriate intervention programs. They may also have predictive capabilities in assessing the likelihood of desistance or persistence of IPV. However, validity problems are inherent in self-report clinical tools, particularly in forensic settings. Scores of the modifying indices (subsections of the scale designed to detect biases in responding) of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) often are not reported in research. This study analyses the response sets of a sample of 492 IPV perpetrators at intake to a Danish perpetrator program. Profiles were grouped into levels of severity, and the proportion of exaggerated or minimized profiles at each severity level was analyzed. Findings suggested that 30% of the present sample were severely disturbed or exaggerating their symptoms. As expected, there were significant levels of exaggerated profiles present in the severe pathology group and significant levels of minimized profiles in the low pathology group. Self-referred participants were more likely to exaggerate their pathology, but minimization was not associated with referral status. Nor was there an association between gender and the modifying indices. It is suggested that so-called "fake good" or "fake bad" profiles should not necessarily be treated as invalid, but that elevations in the modifying indices can be interpreted as clinically and forensically relevant information in their own right and should be reported on in research.

Towards an integrated model for supervision for mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian emergencies: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Despite recent advances in the development and provision of mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) in humanitarian settings, inadequate supervision remains a significant barrier to successful implementation. The present study sought to incorporate broad stakeholder engagement as part of the first phase of development of a new Integrated Model for Supervision (IMS) for use within MHPSS and protection services in humanitarian emergencies. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 global mental health professionals. Data was analysed thematically, using a combination of inductive and deductive methods. Codes and themes were validated through co-author cross-checks and through a webinar with an expert advisory group. RESULTS: Results reinforce the importance of effective supervision to enhance the quality of interventions and to protect supervisees' wellbeing. Participants generally agreed that regular, supportive supervision on a one-to-one basis and as a separate system from line management, is the ideal format. The interviews highlight a need for guidance in specific areas, such as monitoring and evaluation, and navigating power imbalances in the supervisory relationship. Several approaches to supervision were described, including some solutions for use in low-resource situations, such as group, peer-to-peer or remote supervision. CONCLUSION: An integrated model for supervision (IMS) should offer a unified framework encompassing a definition of supervision, consolidation of best practice, and goals and guidance for the supervisory process.

The effectiveness of interventions to prevent recidivism in perpetrators of intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous reviews of interventions to prevent recidivistic intimate partner violence (IPV) have cited minimal benefits and have been critical of interventions adopting a 'one-size-fits-all' approach to a heterogenous category of offenders. The present systematic review and meta-analysis assesses evidence for interventions situated in a risk-need-responsivity framework, in comparison with the more traditional 'one-size-fits-all' intervention approach. METHOD: Six databases (PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, PILOTS) were searched for studies examining effectiveness of IPV interventions. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were analysed separately depending on whether they compared two treatments (n = 17) or used a no-treatment control group (n = 14). In the meta-analysis, overall effect sizes were OR = 0.52, 95% CI [0.35-0.78] for interventions with follow-up of ≤ one year (p < 0.001) and OR = 0.60, 95% CI [0.46-0.78] for interventions with follow-up between one and two years (p < 0.001). The pooled effects from the studies using follow-up of greater than two years did not reach statistical significance. Subgroup analyses suggested that effect sizes differed across treatment types, with risk-need-responsivity treatments performing well against other modalities. CONCLUSIONS: Risk-need-responsivity treatments showed promise in the short-to-medium term, but the challenge of sustaining effects into the longer term remains.

The mediating role of resilience on psychopathology following childhood adversities among UK armed forces veterans residing in Northern Ireland.

Background: Childhood adversities can have a deleterious impact on mental health. Elevated levels of such adversities have been reported in veteran populations. Levels of resilience may be protective but early adverse experiences may impact on the development of resilience in the first instance. Objective: This study aims to identify classes of childhood adversities among UK military veterans residing in Northern Ireland (NI) and explore levels of resilience and the mediating role resilience may play following such experiences in relation to mental health. Method: The study utilizes data from the Northern Ireland Veterans' Health and Wellbeing Study (n = 656). All participants were UK Armed Forces veterans who were residents of NI with an average age of 56 (586 males, 70 females). Results: Four childhood adversity classes were revealed, with almost a half of the sample experiencing early adverse experiences. Individuals who experienced a range of adversities, particularly those related to maltreatment were more likely to have PSTD, depression and anxiety disorders and lower levels of resilience. However, those who experienced adversity related to family dysfunction had similar levels of resilience as the low risk class, suggesting tentatively that some adversity may be protective. Mediation analyses revealed that veterans with elevated levels of resilience were less likely to have psychological problems following negative childhood experiences. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of promoting resilience building programmes among military veterans, especially among those who experienced maltreatment as a child.

Antecedentes: Las adversidades durante la infancia pueden tener un impacto deletéreo en la salud mental. Niveles elevados de estas adversidades han sido reportados en poblaciones de veteranos. Los niveles de resiliencia pueden ser protectores, pero las experiencias adversas tempranas pueden impactar en el desarrollo de la resiliencia en primera instancia.Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar clases de adversidades durante la infancia entre los veteranos militares del Reino Unido que residen en Irlanda del Norte (IN) y explorar los niveles de resiliencia y el rol mediador que la resiliencia puede desempeñar siguiendo a estas experiencias en relación con la salud mental.Métodos: Este estudio utiliza los datos del Estudio de Salud y Bienestar de los Vteranos de Irlanda del Norte (n=656). Todos los participantes eran veteranos de las Fuerzas Armadas del Reino Unido, quienes eran residentes de IN con una edad promedio de 56 años (586 hombres, 70 mujeres).Resultados: Se revelaron cuatro clases de adversidades durante la infancia, con casi la mitad de la muestra experimentando experiencias adversas tempranas. Los individuos que experimentaron una variedad de adversidades, particularmente aquellas relacionadas a maltrato, fueron más propensos a tener Trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), depresión, trastornos de ansiedad y niveles más bajos de resiliencia. Sin embargo, aquellos que experimentaron adversidades relacionadas a disfunción en el hogar tuvieron niveles similares de resiliencia a los de la clase de bajo riesgo; sugiriendo tentativamente que algunas adversidades pueden ser protectoras. Los análisis de mediación revelaron que los veteranos con niveles elevados de resiliencia tenían menos probabilidades de tener problemas psicológicos después de las experiencias negativas de la infancia.Conclusiones: El estudio resalta la importancia de promover programas que busquen el fortalecimiento de la resiliencia entre veteranos militares, especialmente entre aquellos que experimentaron maltrato cuando eran niños.

Crossing borders: a systematic review identifying potential mechanisms of intergenerational trauma transmission in asylum-seeking and refugee families.

Background: As displacement and forced migration continue to exhibit global growth trends, new and surviving generations of children are being born and spending their formative years in host countries. Refugee children who have not been exposed to traumatic events may still be at risk for adverse developmental and mental health outcomes via intergenerational trauma transmission. Objective: To identify and synthesize potential mechanisms of intergenerational trauma transmission in forcibly displaced families where parents have experienced direct war-related trauma exposure, but children have no history of direct trauma exposure. Methods: PRISMA systematic review guidelines were adhered to. Searches were conducted across seven major databases and included quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods literature from 1945 to 2019. The search resulted in 752 citations and 8 studies (n = 1,684) met review inclusion criteria. Results: Findings suggest that parental trauma exposure and trauma sequelae indirectly affect child well-being via potential mechanisms of insecure attachment; maladaptive parenting styles; diminished parental emotional availability; decreased family functioning; accumulation of family stressors; dysfunctional intra-family communication styles and severity of parental symptomology. Conclusion: Further research is needed to assess independent intergenerational effects and mechanisms of trauma transmission in this population.

Antecedentes: A medida que el desplazamiento y la migración forzada exhiben de manera continua tendencias de crecimiento global, las nuevas y sobrevivientes generaciones de niños nacen y pasan sus años de formación en los países de acogida. Los niños refugiados que no han estado expuestos a eventos traumáticos aún pueden estar en riesgo de consecuencias adversas para el desarrollo y la salud mental a través de la transmisión intergeneracional del trauma.Objetivo: Identificar y sintetizar mecanismos potenciales de transmisión intergeneracional de traumas en familias desplazadas por la fuerza donde los padres han experimentado una exposición directa al trauma relacionada con la guerra, pero los niños no tienen antecedentes de exposición directa al trauma.Métodos: Se siguieron las pautas de revisión sistemática PRISMA. Las búsquedas se realizaron en siete bases de datos principales e incluyeron literatura sobre métodos cuantitativos, cualitativos y mixtos desde 1945 al 2019. La búsqueda resultó en 752 citas y 8 estudios (n = 1.684) cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión de la revisión.Resultados: Los resultados sugieren que la exposición al trauma parental y las secuelas del trauma afectan indirectamente el bienestar del niño a través de mecanismos de apego inseguro; estilos de parentalidad maladaptativos; disminución de la disponibilidad emocional parental; disminución del funcionamiento familiar; acumulación de estresores familiares; estilos de comunicación intrafamiliar disfuncionales y gravedad de la sintomatología parental.Conclusión: existe una clara necesidad de apoyar a los padres y a sus hijos que han estado expuestos a traumas de guerra. Se necesita más investigación para evaluar los efectos intergeneracionales independientes de la transmisión del trauma en esta población.

Lesbian, gay or bisexual identity as a risk factor for trauma and mental health problems in Northern Irish students and the protective role of social support.

Background: People identifying as lesbian, gay or bisexual (LGB) have been shown to experience more trauma and poorer mental health than their heterosexual counterparts, particularly in countries with discriminatory laws and policies. Northern Ireland is a post-conflict region with high rates of trauma and mental health problems, as well as significant levels of prejudice against the LGB community. To date, no studies in Northern Ireland have compared trauma exposure, social support and mental health status of LGB students to their heterosexual peers. Objective: The present study aimed to assess whether LGB status was associated with more trauma exposure and poorer mental health, and whether social support mediated these associations. Method: The sample was comprised of 1,116 university students. Eighty-nine percent (n = 993) identified as heterosexual and 11% (n = 123) identified as LGB. Path analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Results: LGB status was significantly associated with increased trauma exposure and with symptoms of PTSD, depression and anxiety, but not with problematic alcohol use. These associations were mediated by social support from family only. Conclusions: These results evidence vulnerabilities among Northern Irish students identifying as LGB in relation to trauma and mental health compared with their heterosexual peers. However, social support from family has the potential to mitigate risk. Educational initiatives should raise awareness of the importance of familial support for LGB youth, and those young people who lack family support should be considered an at-risk group, warranting particularly intensive targeting by relevant supports.

Antecedentes: Se ha demostrado que las personas que se identifican como lesbianas, gays o bisexuales (LGB) experimentan más traumas y peor salud mental que sus contrapartes heterosexuales, particularmente en países con leyes y políticas discriminatorias. Irlanda del Norte es una región post-conflicto con altas tasas de trauma y problemas de salud mental, así como niveles significativos de delitos de odio dirigidos a la comunidad LGB. Hasta la fecha, ningún estudio en Irlanda del Norte se ha propuesto específicamente comparar la exposición al trauma y el estado de salud mental de los estudiantes LGB con sus pares heterosexuales.Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar si la condición LGB estaba asociada con tasas más altas de exposición al trauma y peor salud mental, y si el apoyo social mediaba estas asociaciones.Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.116 estudiantes universitarios de Irlanda del Norte. El ochenta y nueve por ciento (n = 990) se identificó como heterosexual y el 11% restante (n = 126) identificándose como LGB. El análisis de pautas se usó para probar las hipótesis de estudio.Resultados: el estado LGB se asoció con una mayor exposición al trauma y síntomas de TEPT, depresión y ansiedad, pero no con el consumo problemático de alcohol. Las asociaciones significativas fueron mediadas solamente por el apoyo social de miembros de la familia. El apoyo familiar se asoció con niveles más bajos de exposición al trauma y síntomas de salud mental para los jóvenes LGB.Conclusiones: los estudiantes de Irlanda del Norte que se identifican como LGB tienen vulnerabilidades en relación con el trauma y la salud mental en comparación con sus compañeros heterosexuales. Sin embargo, el apoyo social de la familia tiene el potencial de mitigar esta relación. Las iniciativas educativas deberían crear conciencia sobre la importancia del apoyo familiar para los jóvenes LGB, y aquellos jóvenes que carecen de apoyo familiar deberían considerarse un grupo en riesgo, garantizándoles un apoyo particularmente intensivo por terceros significativos.

Childhood trauma as a predictor of reoffending in a Northern Irish probation sample.

BACKGROUND: It is well-documented that there is a high prevalence rate of childhood trauma experiences among the prison population, and studies have found a link between childhood trauma and later acts of violence. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to investigate whether childhood trauma (i.e., physical, sexual, emotional abuse and physical neglect) among offenders who have served a life sentence in Northern Ireland was associated with general and violent reoffending patterns. The study also explored the relationship between childhood trauma resulting from the sectarian conflict "The Troubles" in the region and its impact on reoffending. METHOD: The casefiles of 100 offenders were coded for trauma experiences and official reoffending data was extracted. Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the relationship between trauma and reoffending. RESULTS: The most common form of childhood trauma were emotional abuse and/or emotional neglect (n = 43), conflict-related trauma (n = 43) and physical abuse (n = 40). Only age (OR .91) and conflict-related trauma (OR 5.57) emerged as significant predictors (p < .05) of general reoffending at any time post release. Similarly, only age (OR .92) and conflict-related trauma (OR 4.57) emerged as significant predictors (p < .05) of violent reoffending. Although it did not reach significance (p =  .09), childhood physical abuse was related to an increase in the odds of violently reoffending, of a large magnitude (OR 4.09). CONCLUSIONS: Conflict-related trauma significantly predicted general and violent reoffending among offenders with previous violent convictions.

Youth Responses to School Shootings: a Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This paper aims to synthesize research relating to youth responses to school shootings between 2014 and 2017. The main questions it addresses are how such events impact young people psychologically, and what risk or protective factors may contribute to different trajectories of recovery? RECENT FINDINGS: Recent research suggests that most young people exposed to school shootings demonstrate resilience, exhibiting no long-term dysfunction. However, a minority will experience severe and chronic symptoms. The likelihood of experiencing clinically significant reactions is influenced by pre-trauma functioning as well as peri-traumatic and post-traumatic factors. These include proximity to the trauma, peri-traumatic dissociation, post-traumatic emotional regulation difficulties, social support, and flexibility of coping styles. Research that separates the distinguishing features of young people with differing recovery styles is vital to tailor intervention. But methodological and design issues associated with such research necessitates caution in drawing conclusions. Variation in definitions and measures and the self-report nature of many of the studies are potential sources of bias. Greater uniformity across designs would enhance confidence and allow for improved evidence-based intervention.

Training the next generation of psychotraumatologists: COllaborative Network for Training and EXcellence in psychoTraumatology (CONTEXT).

In this paper we present a description of the Horizon2020, Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action funded, research and training programme CONTEXT: COllaborative Network for Training and EXcellence in psychoTraumatology. The three objectives of the programme are put forward, each of which refers to a key component of the CONTEXT programme. First, we summarize the 12 individual research projects that will take place across three priority populations: (i) refugees and asylum seekers, (ii) first responders, and (iii) perpetrators and survivors of childhood and gender-based violence. Second, we detail the mentoring and training programme central to CONTEXT. Finally, we describe how the research, together with the training, will contribute towards better policy, guidelines, and practice within the field of psychotraumatology.

En este artículo presentamos una descripción de un nuevo programa de investigación y formación, Horizon2020, con fondos de Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action, llamado CONTEXT o 'Red coordinadora para la formación y la excelencia en psicotraumatología'. Se presentan los tres objetivos del programa y cada uno de los cuales hace referencia a un componente clave del programa CONTEXT. Primero, resumimos los doce proyectos individuales de investigación que se llevarán a cabo en tres poblaciones prioritarias: (i) refugiados y solicitantes de asilo, (ii) personal de respuesta en emergencias y (iii) perpetradores y sobrevivientes de violencia infantil y de género. En segundo lugar, detallamos el programa de tutoría y formación, eje central de CONTEXT. Finalmente, describimos cómo la investigación, junto con la formación, contribuirá a una mejor política, directrices y práctica en el campo de la psicoterapia.