Sexual violence during pregnancy: cross-sectional study with women in puerperium / Violência sexual durante a gravidez: estudo transversal com mulheres no puerpério

Introduction: sexual violence during pregnancy is a serious violation of human rights and reproductive rights. Its prevalence is variable and multifactorial, depending on the analyzed territory and sociocultural and economic factors, requiring permanent monitoring. Methods: a cross-sectional study conducted at the Mandaqui Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil. The Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) was applied to 350 puerperium women, with the outcome of suffering or not sexual violence during pregnancy, with data collected between September and December 2021. Sociodemographic and reproductive data were considered. We used an urn technique, with pre-coded data analyzed in EpiInfo® by Pearson's Chi-square and Mann Whitney test, adopting p<0.05 and 95% CI. Research approved by the Research Ethics Committee, CAAE No. 50580421.5.0000.5551. Results: we found eight cases of sexual violence (2.3%) and sample loss of 18.9%. Women who suffered sexual violence reported more physical violence in the last 12 months (25.0% x 6.1% - p=0.033, OR/CI 0.19: 0.03-1.03) and fear of the most frequent intimate partner (25.0% x 3.5% - p=0.002, OR/CI 0.10: 0.01-0.59), but we did not find a difference in the history of suffering violence before the age of 15 and by the partner throughout life. There was no difference in age, schooling, race/color, union, income and work. The same occurred for reproductive aspects, with no difference regarding the occurrence of prematurity, high-risk pregnancy, reproductive planning and tobacco/alcohol use during pregnancy. Conclusion: the prevalence of sexual violence during pregnancy was lower than in other Brazilian studies and populations from other countries. Women with sexual violence during pregnancy face a daily life of fear and more frequent physical violence. The high history of suffering violence before the age of 15 and experiencing physical or emotional violence by the intimate partner can aggravate the situation. The high history of violence and fear of the partner may have contributed to eventual understatement.

Introdução: a violência sexual durante a gravidez é grave violação de direitos humanos e de direitos reprodutivos. Sua prevalência é variável e multifatorial, dependendo do território analisado e de fatores socioculturais e econômicos, exigindo permanente monitoramento.Método: estudo transversal conduzido no Conjunto Hospitalar do Mandaqui, São Paulo, Brasil. Foi aplicado o Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) para 350 puérperas, com desfecho de sofrer ou não violência sexual na gravidez, com dados coletados entre setembro e dezembro de 2021. Dados sociodemográficos e reprodutivos foram considerados. Empregamos técnica de urna, com dados pré-codificados analisados em EpiInfo® por Qui-quadrado de Pearson e teste de Mann Whitney, adotando valor de p<0,05 e IC de 95%. Pesquisa aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, CAAE nº 50580421.5.0000.5551.Resultados: verificamos oito casos de violência sexual (2,3%) e perda de amostra de 18,9%. Mulheres que sofreram violência sexual reportaram mais violência física nos últimos 12 meses (25,0% x 6,1% - p=0,033, OR/IC 0,19: 0,03-1,03) e medo do parceiro íntimo mais frequente (25,0% x 3,5% - p=0,002, OR/IC 0,10: 0,01-0,59), mas não constatamos diferença no antecedente de sofrer violência antes dos 15 anos e pelo parceiro ao longo da vida. Não observamos diferença quanto a idade, escolaridade, raça/cor, união, renda e trabalho. O mesmo ocorreu para aspectos reprodutivos, sem diferença quanto a ocorrência de prematuridade, gestação de alto risco, planejamento reprodutivo e uso de tabaco/álcool na gestação.Conclusão: a prevalência de violência sexual na gestação foi menor do que em outros estudos brasileiros e populações de outros países. Mulheres com violência sexual na gestação enfrentam um cotidiano de medo e de violência física mais frequente. O antecedente elevado de sofrer violência antes dos 15 anos e de experimentar violência física ou emocional pelo parceiro íntimo pode agravar a situação. O elevado antecedente de violência e de medo do parceiro pode ter colaborado para eventual subdeclaração.

The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Analgesia During Childbirth: A Controlled and Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Pain during labor can be a barrier when choosing vaginal delivery. In an attempt to relief pain during labor, several pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods are proposed. Objective: To assess the effect of light-emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation on analgesia during labor. Methods: A clinical trial was conducted with 29 women who were divided into two groups: G1 (experimental group-LED) and G2 (control group-hot shower). In the experimental group, an LED plate with red and infrared merged [red 660 ± 20 nm, 5 mW/cm2, 3 J per LED (108 J) and infrared 850 ± 20 nm, 5 mW/cm2, 3 J per LED (108 J), total energy = 216 J] was placed on the subjects' dorsal region, at the level of T10 to S4, for 10 min, with the plate automatically turning off. Hot shower at controlled temperature was offered for 30 min. To verify the effect of LED on analgesia during labor, the following variables were assessed: (1) perception of pain, (2) fetal well-being assessed by cardiotocography or intermittent auscultation of fetal heart rate, (3) Apgar score at minutes 1 and 5 after birth, and (4) labor duration. Results: There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in pain reduction evidenced by a millimetric visual scale, before and after application on G1-LED (7.92 ± 1.78). Regarding the other variables, there was no statistical difference between the groups when comparing fetal well-being, Apgar score and labor duration. Conclusions: It is concluded that LED can be considered an alternative, since it caused pain reduction without changing other parameters during labor, compared with hot shower, a method included in hospital protocols, proving to be safe. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT03496857.

Effect of LED therapy for the treatment nipple fissures: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Poor positioning of the child in relation to the breast and improper suckling are the main causes of nipple fissure. Treatment options for nipple fissures include drug therapy with antifungal and antibiotics, topical applications of lanolin, glycerin gel, creams and lotions, the milk itself, hot compresses, and silicone nipple shields. Studies involving light-emitting diode (LED) therapy have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, the enhancement of the wound repair process, and the control of pain. As it does not cause discomfort, is relatively inexpensive and may impede the discontinuation of breastfeeding, phototherapy could be a viable option for the treatment of nipple fissures. AIM: The principal objective of the proposed study is to evaluate the effectiveness of LED therapy for the treatment of nipple fissures in postpartum mothers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred patients treated with a medical diagnosis of bilateral nipple trauma classified as nipple fissures or cracks will participate in the study, randomized into 2 groups: The control group will receive orientation regarding breast care and adequate breastfeeding techniques. The experimental group will receive the same orientation and phototherapy sessions using a device developed especially for the treatment of nipple trauma. Both groups will be followed up for 6 consecutive weeks.

Effect of led photobiomodulation on analgesia during labor: Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Labor pain is one of the most intense pains experienced by women, which leads to an increase in the number of women opting to undergo a cesarean delivery. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological analgesia methods are used to control labor pain. Epidural analgesia is the most commonly used pharmacological analgesia method. However, it may have side effects on the fetus and the mother. Light-emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation is an effective and noninvasive alternative to pharmacological methods. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of LED photobiomodulation on analgesia during labor. METHODS: In total, 60 women in labor admitted to a public maternity hospital will be selected for a randomized controlled trial. The participants will be randomized into 2 groups: intervention group [analgesia with LED therapy (n = 30)] and control group [analgesia with bath therapy (n = 30)]. The perception of pain will be assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS), with a score from 0 to 10 at baseline, that is, before the intervention. In both the groups, the procedures will last 10 minutes and will be performed at 3 time points during labor: during cervical dilation of 4 to 5 cm, 6 to 7 cm, and 8 to 9 cm. At all 3 time points, pain perception will be evaluated using VAS shortly after the intervention. In addition, the evaluation of membrane characteristics (intact or damaged), heart rate, uterine dynamics, and cardiotocography will be performed at all time points. EXPECTED OUTCOMES: The use of LED photobiomodulation will have an analgesic effect superior to that of the bath therapy.