ABSTRACT
The tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT) is the phenomenological experience that a word is on the verge of being recalled. Most research has been directed at TOT etiology and at retrieval processes occurring during a TOT. In this study, TOT phenomenology was examined. In Experiment 1, strong TOTs were more likely than weak TOTs to be followed by correct recognition, and resolution (later recall) of TOTs was higher for strong than for weak TOTs, but only for commission errors. In Experiment 2, emotional TOTs were more likely to be resolved and recognized than nonemotional TOTs. In Experiment 3, imminence was defined as the feeling that retrieval is about to occur. Imminent TOTs were more likely to be followed by resolution and recognition than were nonimminent TOTs. Illusory TOTs (TOTs for unanswerable questions) tended to be weaker, less emotional, and less imminent than TOTs for answerable questions.
Subject(s)
Illusions , Mental Recall , Verbal Learning , Adult , Attention , Female , Humans , Male , PsycholinguisticsABSTRACT
The modes of inheritance of chemically induced chlorophyll-deficient phenotypes in Mimulus cardinalis reveal that the chloroplast is controlled by the genome and the plastome. Three of the chlorophyll-deficient mutants in M. cardinalis are inherited through nuclear recessive genes and two are inherited through plastome genes. One chlorophyll-deficient mutant was sterile and could not be analyzed genetically. Ultrastructural analysis of the six mutant types reveals that each possesses a unique defective chloroplast type(s) in comparison to the genotypically and phenotypically normal chloroplasts. Based on plastid ultrastructure it seems reasonable to assume that the mutations, genome and plastome, are non-allelic or at least significantly different forms of the same allele. The isolation of these types of mutants provide suitable material needed to study the effects of specific biochemical blocks and the elucidation of developmental pathways leading to chloroplast biogenesis. The mutants also provide valuable information concerning the interrelationship between the nucleic acid of the genome and the plastome.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Ventilation , Respiration , Adult , Airway Resistance , Helium , Humans , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Nitrogen , Smoking , Spirometry , Vital CapacitySubject(s)
Bicarbonates/metabolism , Oxygen/poisoning , Pleural Effusion/metabolism , Acetazolamide/pharmacology , Acid-Base Equilibrium , Animals , Bicarbonates/blood , Blood Proteins/analysis , Carbon Dioxide/analysis , Carbon Dioxide/blood , Chlorides/blood , Chlorides/metabolism , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Potassium/blood , Potassium/metabolism , Proteins/metabolism , Rats , Sodium/blood , Sodium/metabolismSubject(s)
Helium , Nitrogen , Respiration , Respiratory Function Tests , Adult , Aged , Humans , Methods , Middle Aged , Vital CapacitySubject(s)
Respiratory Function Tests , Helium , Humans , Methods , Nitrogen , Smoking , Vital Capacity , XenonSubject(s)
Respiratory Function Tests , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Helium , Humans , Methods , Radioisotopes , XenonSubject(s)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypoxia/etiology , Oxygen/toxicity , Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology , Sulfonamides/therapeutic use , Thiadiazoles/therapeutic use , Acidosis/etiology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Carbon Dioxide/blood , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Hypercapnia/etiology , Hyperventilation/etiology , Hypoxia/drug therapy , Male , Oxygen/blood , Pulmonary Atelectasis/etiology , Pulmonary Edema/etiology , Rats , Respiratory Insufficiency/complications , Respiratory Insufficiency/drug therapy , Respiratory Insufficiency/mortality , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The lethal and mutagenic effects of hydroxylamine (HA) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were investigated in the higher plant Mimulus cardinalis. MNNG was found to be more toxic than HA. The shapes of the survival curves obtained at different concentrations of HA and MNNG are interpreted on the basis of decreased biological activity of the solution to increased age of solution. Based on the appearance of chlorophyll-deficient mutants, MNNG is mutagenic in Mimulus. No albinos were detected in HA treated plants. A total of 67 putative mutants were isolated in the mutation spectra of HA and MNNG treated plants. The frequency of mutants induced by HA and MNNG are different. MNNG is mutagenic at 1/10 the concentration of HA in inducing putative mutations in M 1 plants.
