Embryonic development in ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta.

Eight primary embryonic developmental stages were assigned to eggs of ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta using key morphological features following standardized nomenclature: Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI and VI+, reared from single family clutches under comparable environmental conditions in Ireland and Norway. Development in L. bergylta is typical of demersal marine finfish species with a short egg stage. Hatching occurred c. 123 h post-fertilization (hpf) equivalent to 62·5 degree days at 12·2 ± 1·10° C (mean ±S.D.), after which the larvae swam intermittently near the surface of the water column.

Diseases of north European wrasse (Labridae) and possible interactions with cohabited farmed salmon, Salmo salar L.

There have been several reported studies of wrasse health but none of these has shown transmission of wrasse diseases when stocked with farmed Atlantic salmon. Most of the studies have focussed on bacterial and parasite issues, including treatment of bacterial diseases with antibiotics and vaccination of wrasse. Classical and atypical furunculosis have been reported in wrasse following stress, and wrasse have been susceptible to vibrio infection. Further study is required on the vaccination of wrasse for furunculosis with latent carrier status to maximize survival. There are studies on viral diseases such as infectious pancreatic necrosis, infectious salmon anaemia and pancreas disease and although these did not give any undue concern for salmon health, there is also scope for further study in this area. Resident parasite communities of wrasse are largely host-specific and do not appear to be a threat to salmon. Given that wrasse have not, to date, been a vector of disease in salmon, attention should be placed on maintaining best practice in cohabiting wrasse with salmon. Other issues that should be addressed are good welfare of wrasse in pens and identifying measures of this, the identification of losses of wrasse in pens, being alert to potential emerging diseases through health screening of mortalities and assessing the risks associated with carrying forward wrasse from one salmon production cycle to the next. Issues of exploitation by fishing on wild wrasse stocks and improved biosecurity may be addressed by the increased movement by the industry to the stocking of farmed wrasse.

Vaccination experiments in the gadoid haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L., against the bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum.

Vibrio anguillarum is one of the primary pathogens responsible for high levels of fish mortality in the aquaculture industry, and among gadoids O2a and b are the most common pathogenic serotypes. In this paper a variety of studies were performed to assess the optimal route by which to challenge haddock against this pathogen, and an optimal regime to vaccinate haddock. The most efficient method to challenge haddock with V. anguillarum in this study was immersion in a bath containing 10(7)cfu/ml, where 60% mortality was seen. Subsequent experiments showed that juvenile haddock could be protected against bacterial challenge with V. anguillarum, with a significant reduction in mortalities observed amongst the vaccination treatments when compared to the unvaccinated controls. However, as seen previously in cod studies, vaccination did not induce a specific antibody response.

RAG-1 and IgM genes, markers for early development of the immune system in the gadoid haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, L.

The full sequence of the heavy chain of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and a partial fragment of the recombination activating gene-1 (RAG-1) gene were sequenced in haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, L. The complete transcript of haddock IgM consisted of 1865 bp and translated into a 572-aa peptide. The RAG-1 fragment was 1776 bp and was identified as the core region of RAG-1. These two immune genes were used in expression studies as markers of early development in haddock larvae. A DIG labelled oligoprobe of the RAG-1 gene was used in whole-mount in situ hybridisation (WISH). A hybridisation signal for RAG-1 was first detected in larvae at 25 days post-hatching (dph) in two bilateral symmetric regions of the head identified as the thymus. Further expression studies were carried out by RT-PCR analysis of RAG-1 and IgM on larval samples obtained during early development, i.e. from fertilisation to weaning. Haddock RAG-1 expression was detected after 21 days post-fertilisation (dpf) whilst IgM transcripts were not detected until 40 dpf, equivalent to day 29 post-hatching. These results suggest that the immune system in haddock starts to develop in larvae of 6-7 mm in length (25-29 dph).

A mathematical model of the growth of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, populations on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland and its use in the assessment of treatment strategies.

Sea lice are a persistent problem for farmed and wild salmonid populations. Control can be achieved through the use of veterinary medicines. A model was developed to describe the patterns of sea lice infection on salmon farms in Scotland and to predict the likely effect of various treatment strategies. This model takes into account development rates and mortality using compartments representing life history stages and external infection pressure. The national sea lice infection pattern was described using parameters representing stage survival, background infection levels and egg viability rates. The patterns observed across farms varied greatly and the model gave broad agreement to observed trends with different parameters being required in the model for sites using hydrogen peroxide and cypermethrin treatments. The parameter estimates suggest that the background infection pressure on sites where cypermethrin was administered was higher than for those using hydrogen peroxide. Both models had comparable magnitudes of sensitivity with survival from one stage to another being the most sensitive parameter, followed by feedback rates at which gravid females produce eggs, with background infection levels the least sensitive. The effect of different cypermethrin treatment strategies was assessed using the model. Increasing treatments in a production cycle gave more effective control. However, the model showed that timing of treatments is most important if sea lice are to be effectively controlled.

Identifying epidemiological factors affecting sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis abundance on Scottish salmon farms using general linear models.

The variation in Lepeophtheirus salmonis sea lice numbers across 40 Scottish salmon farm sites during 1996 to 2000 was analysed using mean mobile abundance for 3 important 6 mo periods within the production cycle. Using statistical regression techniques, over 20 management and environmental variables suspected to have an effect on controlling lice populations were investigated as potential risk factors. The findings and models developed provide a picture of mobile L. salmonis infestation patterns on Scottish farm sites collectively. The results identified level of treatment, type of treatment, cage volume, current speed, loch flushing time and sea lice levels in the preceding 6 mo period to be key explanatory factors. Factors such as stocking density, site biomass, water temperature and the presence of neighbours, previously cited to be important correlates of sea lice risk from analysis of individual sites over time, were not found to be important. Variation in mobile abundance in the first half of the second year of production could be adequately explained (adjusted R2 between 55 and 72%) by the recorded data, suggesting that there is scope for management to control L. salmonis abundance, though much of the variation remains unexplained.

Sea lice infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon in Scotland and the use of ectoparasitic treatments.

A recently compiled national database on sea lice infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon, contains detailed records for the period 1996 to 2000 from over 30 commercial sites on the west coast of Scotland. The data indicate that the two prevalent species of lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, have different trends in abundance and distinctive seasonal patterns of infestation on farmed salmon. For the economically important species L salmonis, its abundance on fish varies with the time of the production cycle, the time of year and the particular year. Weekly fluctuations in sea lice counts indicate that treatment can be very effective in controlling infestations but that the counts recover rapidly and regular treatments are necessary to ensure control. A comparison of sites using medium or large numbers of treatments suggests that they do not reduce sea lice infestations to the same levels. There is also evidence that sites using treatments based on different chemical constituents had significantly different levels of infestation.