ABSTRACT
Rotationally-driven lab-on-a-disc (LoaD) microfluidic systems are among the most promising methods for realizing complex nucleic acid (NA) testing at the point-of-need (PoN). However, despite significant advancements in NA amplification methods, very few sample-to-answer centrifugal microfluidic platforms have been realized due, in part, to a lack of on-disc sample preparation. In many instances, NA extraction (NAE) and/or lysis must be performed off-disc using conventional laboratory equipment and methods, thus tethering the assay to centralized facilities. Omission of in-line cellular lysis and NAE can be partially attributed to the nature of centrifugally-driven fluidics. Since flow is directed radially outward relative to the center of rotation (CoR), the number of possible sequential unit operations is limited by the disc radius. To address this, we report a simple, practical, automatable, and easy-to-implement method for inward fluid displacement (IFD) compatible with downstream nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). This approach leverages carbon dioxide (CO2) gas generated from on-board acid-base neutralization to drive liquid from the disc periphery towards the CoR. Large architectural features or highly corrosive chemicals required in other approaches were replaced with safe-to-handle IFD reagents that maintained their reactivity for at least six months of storage on-disc. Further, spatiotemporal control over neutralization initiation and containment of the resultant pneumatic pressure head was reliably achieved using a single diode for both laser-actuated valve opening and channel sealing, which eliminated the need for manual intervention (e.g., taping over vents) required in other IFD methods. Following initial characterization via dye recovery studies, we demonstrated for the first time that CO2-driven displacement does not inhibit downstream NAATs; NAs isolated direct-from-swab on disc were compatible with both 'gold standard' polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The IFD approach described here stands to significantly ease integration of an increased number of sequential on-board processes, including cellular lysis, nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and detection, to greatly lower barriers towards automatable sample-to-answer LoaDs amenable for use on-site operation by non-technical personnel.
