Short-term treatment for adult hypergranular and microgranular acute promyelocytic leukemia.

A high hemorrhagic risk and a complete response to the differentiative agent all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) are the main clinical features of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), two distinct subtypes of which have been recognized, the common hypergranular leukopenic form (M3) and a microgranular hyperleukocytic variant (M3v). We analyzed, with emphasis on both disease- and therapy-related prognostic factors, the results from a 9-year trial in 65 adults with M3 and M3v APL, treated homogenously with a short-term therapy (STT) program excluding maintenance. STT comprised a maximum of six courses with doxorubicin, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), and 6-thioguanine. Sixty-five APL patients formed the study group, M3v accounting for 25% of cases. In M3v, the absolute blast cell count was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) and early hemorrhagic deaths were more frequent (p = 0.05). The blast count correlated inversely with the probability of remission (p = 0.005), poor-risk patients being those with > 10 x 10(9)/l blast cells. During the study, the median survival improved from 0.1 to 2.7 years (p = < 0.005). In first place, response to chemotherapy increased from 42 to 84% (p = 0.006), by giving daily prophylactic platelet transfusions (to > 30 x 10(9)/l) and no heparin (course I), and by avoiding too toxic high-dose ara-C and deferring treatment in infected/neutropenic patients showing the atypical differentiative bone marrow pattern (course II). Secondly, the probability of first unmaintained remission differed significantly between patients given intentionally more than four total chemotherapy courses or intermediate/high-dose ara-C consolidation (0.59 at 5 years) and those treated less intensively (0.21) (p < 0.005). Intensive STT was very effective for the management of adult APL patients at standard hemorrhagic risk and receiving optimal supportive care. In high-risk patients with hyperleukocytosis and M3v, induction results could be improved by the concomitant use of ATRA. M3v in adults must be recognized promptly because of the very high early hemorrhagic risk.

Hematologic and cytogenetic analyses of 99 cases of de novo myelodysplastic syndromes.

BACKGROUND. The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by peripheral pancytopenia, abnormal bone marrow differentiation and a high risk of leukemic transformation. The role of karyotypic abnormalities in the pathogenesis of MDS is still unclear. In this paper we present the hematologic and cytogenetic findings in 99 patients with de novo MDS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. Fifty-three cases had chromosomal abnormalities nor complex karyotypes were associated with the morphologic subsets described by the FAB criteria. Nevertheless, the karyotypic profile is prognostically important, as indicated by the fact that patients with complex karyotype abnormalities have very short survival.