Luminal mapping reveals mesenteric predominance of colonic adenomas and adenocarcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have examined the relationship between colorectal tumor distribution and metastasis, but the tumor luminal location and associative risk factors promoting tumor growth remain unknown. METHODS: In this study, we mapped the luminal distribution of human colonic adenomas/adenocarcinomas and their association with various physiologic parameters. RESULTS: We identified a mesenteric predominance for colonic adenomas and adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study raise the possibility of novel mechanistic pathways in the development of adenomas and subsequent transformation into adenocarcinomas.

Centralization of pancreatoduodenectomy a decade later: Impact of the volume-outcome relationship.

BACKGROUND: The hospital volume-outcome relationship for complex procedures has led to the suggestion that care should be centralized. This study was performed to investigate whether centralization is occurring for pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and to examine its effect on short-term postoperative outcomes. METHODS: We queried the New York State Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database (n = 6,185, 2002-2011) and the California and Florida State Inpatient Databases (n = 6,766 and 4,810, respectively, 2002-2011) for PD. Hospitals were divided into low (≤10), medium (11-25), high (25-60), and very high (≥61) groups depending on annual volume. Hierarchical logistic modeling accounted for patient clustering within hospitals. RESULTS: A migration of cases from low-volume to medium, high, and very high-volume (MHVH) hospitals occurred in these 3 states (P < .01). There was an increase in the number of MHVH hospitals and a decrease in the number of low-volume hospitals performing PD across all states over time, with a large number of hospitals ceasing to perform PD cases entirely. Comorbidities such as congestive heart failure and diabetes were more prevalent in low-volume hospitals. After we adjusted for all predictors, MHVH hospitals had less rates of mortality and morbidity and shorter durations of stay than low-volume hospitals (P < .05); 30-day readmission rates were similar across all volume groups. CONCLUSION: Centralization of PD is occurring in these 3 states and probably across the nation. After PD, MHVH hospitals had statistically better outcomes (mortality, morbidity, and duration of stay) than low-volume hospitals. Readmission rates were not affected by volume.

Systematic Video Documentation in Laparoscopic Colon Surgery Using a Checklist: A Feasibility and Compliance Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: High-quality images can be readily captured during laparoscopic colon surgery, but there are no guidelines for documentation of these video data or how to best measure surgical quality from an operative video. This study evaluates the feasibility and compliance in documenting key steps during laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and sigmoid colectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of previously recorded videos of patients undergoing laparoscopic right hemicolectomy or sigmoid colectomy from September to December 2011 in a single institution was performed. Patients' demographics, intraoperative features, postoperative complications, and variables for video recording and editing were collected. Compliance of key surgical steps was assessed using a checklist by two independent surgeons. RESULTS: Sixteen laparoscopic operations (seven right hemicolectomies and nine sigmoid colectomies) were recorded. Twelve (75%) were laparoscopic-assisted, and four (25%) were hand-assisted laparoscopic operations. Compliance with key surgical steps in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and sigmoid colectomy was demonstrated in the majority of patients, with steps ranging in compliance from 42.9% to 100% and from 77.8% to 100%, respectively. The edited video had a median duration of 3 minutes 47 seconds (range, 1 minute 44 seconds-5 minutes 38 seconds) with a production time of nearly 1 hour and a resolution of 1440 × 1080 pixels. CONCLUSIONS: Key surgical steps during laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and sigmoid colectomy can be documented and edited into a short representative video. Standardization of this process should allow video documentation to improve quality in laparoscopic colon surgery.

Laparoscopic resection of t4 colon cancers: is it feasible?

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgical treatment of T4 cancers remains a concern that is mostly associated with technical feasibility, high conversion rate, inadequate oncologic clearance, and surgical outcome. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the short- and long-term clinical and oncologic outcomes after laparoscopic and open surgeries for T4 colon cancers. DESIGN: This was a retrospective study of patients with T4 colon cancer without metastasis (M0) who had laparoscopic or open surgery from 2003 to 2011. SETTING: The study was conducted at a single institution. PATIENTS: A total of 83 patients with pT4 colon cancer were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: R0 resection rate, morbidity and mortality within 30 postoperative days, overall survival, and disease-free survival were measured. RESULTS: Laparoscopic surgery was performed on 61 and open surgery on 22 patients. The groups were similar in overall staging (p = 0.461), with 35 (42%) of the patients at stage 2 and 48 (58%) at stage 3. A complete R0 resection was achieved in 61 (100%) of the patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery and in 21 (96%) of the patients who underwent open surgery (p = 0.265). The average number of lymph nodes harvested was 21 in the laparoscopic group and 24 in the open group (p = 0.202). Thirty-day morbidity rate was similar between the groups (p = 0.467), and the mortality rate was 0. The length of hospital and postsurgical stay was significantly shorter in the laparoscopic group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008). The 3-year overall survival rates between the groups were 82% (range, 71%-93%) for patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery and 81% (range, 61%-100%) for those who underwent open surgery (p = 0.525), and disease-free survival was 67% (range, 54%-79%) for laparoscopic surgery and 64% (range, 43%-86%) for open surgery (p = 0.848). The follow-up time was 40 ± 25 in months in the laparoscopic group and 34 ± 26 months in the open surgery group (p = 0.325). LIMITATIONS: This was a retrospective study at a single institution. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that laparoscopic surgery is feasible in T4 colon cancers. With comparable clinical and oncologic outcomes, this study suggests that laparoscopy may be considered as an alternative approach for T4 colon cancers with the advantage of faster recovery (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/DCR/A156).

Feasibility and Safety of Laparoscopic Colon Surgery Performed Under Intravenous Sedation and Local Anesthesia Using Microinvasive (<3 mm) Instruments: An Acute and Survival Study on Porcine Model.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of performing laparoscopic intestinal surgery using local anesthesia and intravenous sedation with instruments <3 mm in diameter. METHODS: Porcine model with acute (n = 2) and the survival studies (n = 8): all female pigs, weight (median 36.4 kg, range 33.2-38.4 kg). Surgeries were performed using only intravenous sedation with ketamine-midazolam and local anesthetic infiltration at the sites of trocar insertion, with airway protection. CO2 pneumoperitoneum was maintained using pressure of 3 to 5 mm Hg. Commercially available instruments, sizes <3 mm in diameter were used. Surgical steps were as follows: (a) exploration of all quadrants of the abdomen and pelvis, (b) "running" the entire length of small bowel, (c) dissection of bowel attachments to the peritoneal sidewall, and (d) creating a 2.5 cm enterotomy in the colon and suture repair of this defect. RESULTS: All 10 surgeries were completed successfully. Animals tolerated the procedure well, with no requirement of intubation. There were no decrements in vital signs during pneumoperitoneum or surgery. Despite spontaneous respiration movements, all planned surgical maneuvers were feasible. The median length of operations was 74 minutes (range 56-165 minutes). All survival animals had an uneventful recovery; there were no infectious complications, oral intake and bowel function returned within 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: It appears feasible and safe to perform simple laparoscopic intestinal procedures using instruments <3 mm in diameter and low CO2 insufflation pressure under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation. This methodology holds promise in the development of new approaches to intestinal surgery and disease diagnosis.

Accuracy of CT enterography and magnetic resonance enterography imaging to detect lesions preoperatively in patients undergoing surgery for Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: CT enterography and magnetic resonance enterography have emerged as first-line imaging technologies for the evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract in Crohn's disease. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of these imaging modalities to identify Crohn's disease lesions preoperatively. DESIGN: This was a retrospective chart review. SETTINGS: The study was conducted at a single institution. PATIENTS: Seventy-six patients with Crohn's disease with preoperative CT enterography and/or magnetic resonance enterography were included in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of stenoses, fistulas, and abscesses on CT enterography and/or magnetic resonance enterography before surgery were compared with operative findings. RESULTS: Forty patients (53%) were women, 46 (60%) underwent surgery for recurrent Crohn's disease, and 46 (57%) had previous abdominal surgery. Thirty-six (47%) had a preoperative CT enterography and 43 (57%) had a preoperative magnetic resonance enterography. CT enterography sensitivity was 75% for stenosis and 50% for fistula. MRE sensitivity was 68% for stenosis and 60% for fistula. The negative predictive values of CT enterography and magnetic resonance enterography for stenosis were very low (54% and 65%) and were 85% and 81% for fistula. CT enterography had 76% accuracy for stenosis and 79% for fistula; magnetic resonance enterography had 78% accuracy for stenosis and 85% for fistula. Both were accurate for abscess. False-negative rates for CT enterography were 50% for fistula and 25% for stenosis. False-negative rates for magnetic resonance enterography were 40% for fistula and 32% for stenosis. Unexpected intraoperative findings led to modification of the planned surgical procedure in 20 patients (26%). LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by its small sample size, its retrospective nature, and that some studies were performed at outside institutions. CONCLUSIONS: CT enterography and magnetic resonance enterography in patients with Crohn's disease were accurate for the identification of abscesses but not for fistulas or stenoses. Surgeons should search for additional lesions intraoperatively. Patients should be appropriately counseled regarding the need for unexpected interventions (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/DCR/A162).

The influence of obesity on short- and long-term outcomes after laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer: a case-matched study of 152 patients.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity and colonic diseases, the impact of obesity on short-term and oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal surgery still remains unclear. STUDY DESIGN: Seventy-six consecutive obese patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m(2) who underwent laparoscopic colectomy were matched with 76 nonobese patients with BMI <30 kg/m(2). Perioperative parameters and oncologic outcomes were analyzed in the two groups. RESULTS: Obesity was associated with greater operative time (obese vs nonobese, 182 ± 59 vs 157 ± 55 min, P = .0084) and multivariate analysis identified BMI (hazard ratio 2.11, 95% confidence interval 0.64-3.56, P = .0049) as an independent predicting factor for operative time together with cancer location (hazard ratio 28.6, 95% confidence interval 14.62-42.51, P < .0001). Obesity had no adverse influence on overall morbidity (25 vs 21%, P = .563), however, or postoperative duration of stay (median 6.0 vs 5.5 days, P = .22). Furthermore, the rate of conversion to open procedure was similar between the two groups (9 vs 9%, P > .99). Regarding oncologic outcomes, there was no statistical difference in overall and disease-free survival between the two groups (5-year overall survival rate 86 vs 89%, P = .72, 5-year disease survival rate 70 vs 77%, P = .70). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic colonic resection, when performed for selected patients, appears to be a safe and reasonable option in obese patients with colon cancer resulting in similar short-term and oncologic outcomes as nonobese patients.

Dynamic article: long-term outcomes of patients undergoing combined endolaparoscopic surgery for benign colon polyps.

BACKGROUND: Patients with large benign colon polyps not amenable to endoscopic removal commonly undergo resections. Polyp removal using combined endolaparoscopic surgery may be an effective alternative to bowel resection in select patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate short-term and long-term outcomes of patients who underwent endolaparoscopy at our institution. DATA SOURCES: Medical records and a prospectively maintained database were reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: This study constituted a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent endolaparoscopy for benign polyps from 2003 to 2012. INTERVENTIONS: Combined endolaparoscopic surgery was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes measured were success rate, rate of recurrence, rate of malignancy, length of stay, and complication rate. RESULTS: A total of 75 patients were taken to the operating room with the intention of endolaparoscopy. The most common indications were large polyp size and difficult location. Based on intraoperative findings, 10 patients were suspected of having cancer and underwent immediate laparoscopic colectomy. Of 65 attempted cases, 48 patients (74%) underwent successful combined endolaparoscopic surgery. Median follow-up time was 65 (8-87) months. Patients in whom combined endolaparoscopic surgery was unsuccessful were converted to colectomy (2 open, 15 laparoscopic). Two patients were converted because of concerns of cancer and 15 because of technical difficulties. Median operative time for successful endolaparoscopy was 145 (50-249) minutes. The complication rate was 4.4% (2/48). Median length of stay was 1 (0-6) day for endolaparoscopy vs 5 (3-19) days for those converted to colectomy. Median polyp size was 3 (1.0-7.0) cm. One patient was found to have cancer on final pathology, but refused to have further surgery. Sensitivity and specificity of predicting malignancy based on clinical findings were 33% (4/12) and 98.5% (64/65). Four of 5 patients who had recurrence (10%) after endolaparoscopy had complete endoscopic polypectomy. One patient required delayed laparoscopic colectomy for a second recurrence. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by its retrospective nature. CONCLUSIONS: Combined endolaparoscopic surgery appears to be a safe and effective alternative to colectomy in all parts of the colon in patients who have benign polyps not removable with colonoscopy alone.

Is laparoscopic surgery an option to support prophylactic colectomy in adolescent patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)?

BACKGROUND: Prophylactic surgery is still considered the standard treatment for patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). Laparoscopic (Lap) surgery has been introduced as an alternative approach. The aim was to evaluate the feasibility and short- to long-term outcomes after prophylactic FAP surgery in adolescent. PROCEDURES: A retrospective review of a database of adolescent patients with FAP identified through the Hereditary Colorectal Tumor Registry in a single Institution between 2005 and 2011. Patients underwent Lap total colectomy (TC) with ileo-rectal anastomosis (IRA) or proctocolectomy (PC) with ileal-pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA). The main outcomes were: Hospital stay, postoperative complications, desmoid tumor rates, tumor recurrence, long-term complications. RESULTS: Sixteen consecutive patients with median age 16 (range 13-19) and median BMI 22 (17-29) underwent surgery. [correction made here after initial online publication]. Of them 14 patients had LAP TC with IRA and 2 had PC with IPAA. Operative time (median, range) was TC/IRA 270 (210-330) minutes; PC/IPAA 370 (360-380) minutes. Length of extraction site was cm (median, range) 6(5-8). Lymph Node harvest (median, range) 81 (32-139). Postoperative stay days (median, range) were 6 (4-24). Five patients (31.2%) showed dysplasia on the pathological report and 3 of them showed severe dysplasia. Median follow-up time (FU) was 39 months, range (10-82). The anastomotic leak rate for 30 days was 2 (12.5%). Pouch failure was 0. Post-surgical desmoid tumors rate was 1 (6.2%) and there was no tumor recurrence. Anastomotic stricture, SBO and mortality were zero. CONCLUSIONS: Lap approach is feasible and shows acceptable postoperative outcomes. Lap surgery can be an appealing alternative for prophylactic surgery in adolescent FAP patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1223-1228. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Evaluation of the safety, efficacy, and versatility of a new surgical energy device (THUNDERBEAT) in comparison with Harmonic ACE, LigaSure V, and EnSeal devices in a porcine model.

BACKGROUND: THUNDERBEAT™ (TB) (Olympus, Japan) simultaneously delivers ultrasonically generated frictional heat energy and electrically generated bipolar energy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the versatility, bursting pressure, thermal spread, and dissection time of the TB compared with commercially available devices: Harmonic(®) ACE (HA) (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, USA), LigaSure™ V (LIG) (Covidien, USA), and EnSeal(®) (Ethicon). METHODS: An acute study was done with 10 female Yorkshire pigs (weighing 30-35 kg). Samples 2 cm long of small (2-3 mm)-, medium (4-5 mm)-, and large (6-7 mm)-diameter vessels were created. One end of the sample was sent for histological evaluation, and the other was used for burst pressure testing in a blinded fashion. Versatility was defined as the performance of the surgical instrument based on the following five variables, using a score from 1 to 5 (1=worst, 5=best), adjusted by coefficient of variable importance with weighted distribution: hemostasis, 0.275; histologic sealing, 0.275; cutting, 0.2; dissection, 0.15; and tissue manipulation, 0.1. There were 80 trials per vessel group and 60 trials per instrument group, giving a total of 240 samples. RESULTS: Versatility score was higher (P<.01) and dissection time was shorter (P<.01) using TB compared with the other three devices. Bursting pressure was similar among TB and the other three instruments. Thermal spread at surgery was similar between TB and HA (P=.4167), TB and EnSeal (P=.6817), and TB and LIG (P=.8254). Difference in thermal spread was noted between EnSeal and HA (P=.0087) and HA and LIG (P=.0167). CONCLUSION: TB has a higher versatility compared with the other instruments tested with faster dissection speed, similar bursting pressure, and acceptable thermal spread. This new energy device is an appealing, safe alternative for cutting, coagulation, and tissue dissection during surgery and should decrease time and increase versatility during surgical procedures.

Improving access to care: breast surgeons, the gatekeepers to breast reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Fewer than half of patients undergo reconstruction after breast cancer treatment, despite its quality of life benefits. Earlier studies demonstrated that most general surgeons do not discuss reconstructive options with patients. The aim of this study was to examine the likelihood of reconstruction within a cohort of mastectomy patients and compare rates of reconstruction between those referred and not referred for plastic surgery evaluation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of the records of 471 consecutive patients between the ages of 19 and 94 years who underwent mastectomy between 2003 and 2007. Variables evaluated were age, body mass index, diabetes, laterality (unilateral vs bilateral), TNM staging, history of radiation, smoking history, insurance type, and race. RESULTS: Of 471 patients, 313 were referred for consultation with a plastic surgeon and 158 were not; 91.7% of those referred were reconstructed and 100% of those not referred were not reconstructed. The 2 groups differed considerably in terms of age (mean age 61.84 years in the nonreferred group vs 51.83 years in the referred group), body mass index (25.9 in referred group, 27 in nonreferred group), diabetes (15% in nonreferred group vs 3.5% in referred group), and laterality (14% of nonreferred group underwent bilateral mastectomies vs 26% of those referred). The groups did not differ significantly in terms of race or tobacco use. Those with private insurance were more likely to be reconstructed, but no independent effect of insurance type was seen on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The breast surgeon's decision to refer a patient for reconstruction significantly affects whether the patient will receive breast reconstruction. Factors that appear to influence the referral decision are age, diabetes, body mass index, and laterality of mastectomy (bilateral more than unilateral).

Mentorship for participants in a laparoscopic colectomy course.

BACKGROUND: Despite data suggesting improved outcomes with laparoscopic colectomy (LC), less than 10% of colectomies in the Unites States are currently performed laparoscopically. One mechanism for incorporating LC into practice is to attend an LC course (LCC). Postcourse mentorship is recommended by the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), in addition to course participation, to encourage adoption of the new techniques. Recommendations also include access to at least 25 colectomies annually. Because the use of LC likely will increase, access to mentorship is an important consideration for LCC participants. This study aimed to evaluate mentorship access and related factors for participants in an ongoing LCC. METHODS: Participants in seven consecutive single-center LCCs were anonymously surveyed regarding age, specialty, surgical experience, practice, and mentorship availability. Factors associated with mentorship were identified via chi-square and univariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 90 participants surveyed, 81 (90%) were men, 51 (56.7%) were general surgeons, 43 (48.9%) were older than 40 years, and 49 (54.4%) had access to a mentor. A majority of the participants (86.7%) performed five or fewer open colorectal cases per month, and 81 (90%) performed five or fewer noncolorectal advanced laparoscopic cases monthly. Factors associated with lack of mentor access included age older than 40 years (P = 0.004), practice as a general surgeon (P = 0.014), and status as a senior attending surgeon (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of surgeons (45.6%) participating in LCC have limited or no access to mentors. In particular, older surgeons, senior attending surgeons, and general surgeons have the least access to mentors. To encourage adoption of LC, training methods should be adopted that accommodate general surgeons, surgeons with a limited advanced laparoscopic case load, and surgeons without access to mentors. Possible strategies include longer or multisession courses, simulator training, and remote mentoring.

The impact of incidental identification on the stage at presentation of lower gastrointestinal carcinoids.

BACKGROUND: Over the past 3 decades, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors in the United States. Incidentally discovered carcinoids in the lower gastrointestinal tract have probably contributed to this increase. In this study we aimed to compare the clinicopathologic characteristics of incidentally discovered carcinoids of the small and large bowel with those identified as a result of symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective review of 58 consecutive patients with nonappendiceal gastrointestinal carcinoids: 30 small bowel and 28 large bowel. We compared asymptomatic patients with lower gastrointestinal tract carcinoids identified by routine colonoscopy with those identified as a result of symptoms. RESULTS: Twenty-eight (48.3%) incidentally identified carcinoids (15 small bowel and 13 large bowel) were compared with 30 (51.7%) symptomatic carcinoids. Incidental ileal carcinoids were similar in size (mean ± SD, 1.3 ± 0.61 vs 1.7 ± 1.13, p = 0.45) and incidence of lymph node metastases (12 in 15 vs 9 in 15, p = 0.43) to symptomatic ileal carcinoids. However, incidental ileal carcinoids had a lower incidence of distant metastases (1 in 15 vs 7 in 15, p = 0.035) compared with symptomatic ileal carcinoids. There was no difference in tumor size, extent of lymph node metastases, or distant metastases between incidental and symptomatic large bowel carcinoids. CONCLUSIONS: Ileal carcinoids identified at screening colonoscopy are associated with a significantly decreased incidence of distant metastases compared with those identified after development of symptoms, despite similar size and extent of lymph node metastases. However, incidental large bowel carcinoids appear to have similar staging to those identified as a result of symptoms.

Antibiotic regimen and the timing of prophylaxis are important for reducing surgical site infection after elective abdominal colorectal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections (SSIs) cause morbidity after elective colorectal surgery, and antibiotic prophylaxis can decrease SSIs. The aim of this study was to determine compliance with an antibiotic administration protocol, including regimen, initial dose timing, and re-dosing, and determine the risk of SSI associated with each. We hypothesized that appropriate antibiotic administration reduces the risk of SSI. METHODS: Retrospective review from a prospective database of a random sample of patients undergoing elective abdominal colorectal procedures with anastomosis. Antibiotic regimens, initial dose timing (IDT), and re-dosing were evaluated. Appropriate regimens covered gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacilli, and anaerobes. The IDT was considered proper if completed within 30 min prior to incision; re-dosing parameters were determined pharmacokinetically for each agent. The main outcome was SSI. Sequential logistic models were generated: Model 1 assessed antibiotic administration factors, whereas Model 2 controlled for patient and clinical factors, including disease process, patient characteristics, intra-operative factors, and post-operative factors. RESULTS: Six hundred five patients (mean age 59.7 [standard deviation 17.8] years, 42.8% male) were included. The most common diagnoses were cancer (38.8%) and inflammatory bowel disease (22.0%). Seventy-six patients (12.6%) had superficial or deep incisional SSI, and 54 (8.9%) had organ/space SSI. Regimens included cefazolin + metronidazole for 219 patients (36.2%), cefoxitin for 214 (35.4%), and levofloxacin + metronidazole for 48 (7.9%). One hundred fourteen patients (18.8%) received other/nonstandard regimens, and ten had no documented antibiotic prophylaxis. Fifty-five patients (9.1%) received insufficient coverage, whereas 361 patients (59.7%) had proper IDT, and 401 regimens (66.3%) were re-dosed properly. In Model 1, the use of other/nonstandard regimens (odds ratio [OR] 2.069; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.078-1.868) and early administration of the initial prophylaxis dose (OR 1.725; 95% CI 1.147-2.596) were associated with greater odds of SSI. After adding clinical factors in Model 2, both of these factors remained significant (OR 2.505; 95% CI 1.066-5.886 and OR 1.733; 95% CI 1.017-2.954, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate antibiotic selection and timing of administration for prophylaxis are crucial to reduce the likelihood of SSI after elective colorectal surgery with intestinal anastomosis.

Endoscopic fixation of the rectum for rectal prolapse: a feasibility and survival experimental study.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been considerable interest in developing technology as well as techniques that could widen the therapeutic horizons of endoscopy. Rectal prolapse, a benign localized condition causing considerable morbidity, could be an excellent focus for new endoscopic therapies. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of endoluminal fixation of the rectum to the anterior abdominal wall, after pushing it up inside the body, using an in vivo animal model. METHODS: We performed an in vivo comparative surgical study in a porcine model, including laparoscopic mobilization of the rectum and posterior rectopexy (standard surgical method) or endoluminal tacking of the rectum. After proving feasibility in ex vivo and acute studies, we performed a survival study to evaluate the safety of endoluminal tacking of the mobilized rectum to the anterior abdominal wall. The main outcome measures were successful completion of the tasks, maintenance of the fixation, complications associated with the methods, and survival studies including histopathological examinations of the fixation sites. RESULTS: There were two groups: laparoscopic rectopexy (8 animals) and endoluminal fixation of the rectum to the anterior abdominal wall (10 animals). There were no differences between these two groups in their postoperative recovery. The group with the endoluminal fixation was found to have adequate attachment of the rectum to the anterior abdominal wall (measured attachment pressure in the endoluminal group = 6.06 ± 0.52 ft-lb, in the control group = 4.86 ± 2.00 ft-lb) on both gross and microscopic evaluation. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic fixation of the mobilized rectum is feasible and safe in this model and in the future may provide an effective alternative to current treatment options for rectal prolapse.

Differing risk factors for incisional and organ/space surgical site infections following abdominal colorectal surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical site infections are a major source of morbidity after colorectal surgery. The aim of this study was to explore differences between incisional and organ/space surgical site infection types by evaluating risk factors, National Nosocomial Risk Index Scores, and clinical outcomes. DESIGN: A random sample of adults undergoing abdominal colorectal surgery between June 2001 and July 2008 was extracted from a colorectal surgery practice database. Patient factors, comorbidities, intraoperative factors, postoperative factors, and infection were collected; risk score (from -1 to 3 points) was calculated. Variables associated with surgical site infection by univariate analysis were incorporated in a multivariable model to identify risk factors by infection type. Infection risk by risk score was evaluated by logistic regression. Length of stay, readmission, and mortality were examined by infection type. RESULTS: Six hundred fifty subjects were identified: 312 were male, age was 59.8 (SD 17.8) years. Common preoperative diagnoses included colorectal cancer (36.9%) and inflammatory bowel disease (21.7%). Forty-five cases were emergencies, and 171 included rectal resections. Eighty-two patients developed incisional and 64 developed organ/space surgical site infections. Body mass index was associated with incisional infection (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00-1.09), whereas previous radiation (OR 4.49, 95% CI 1.53-13.18), postoperative hyperglycemia (OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.41-6.34), preoperative [albumin] (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.36-0.76), and case length (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.08-1.47) were associated with organ/space infection. A risk score of 2 and above, compared with a score of <2, predicted organ/space (OR 5.92, 95% CI 3.16-11.09) but not incisional infection (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.41-2.16). Organ/space infections were associated with longer length of stay (P = .006) and higher readmission rates (P < .001) than incisional infections. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for surgical site infections differ by type of infection. Clinical outcomes and value of the risk index score are different by infection type. It may be prudent to consider incisional and organ/space surgical site infections as different entities for patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

Physiologic effects of simultaneous carbon dioxide insufflation by laparoscopy and colonoscopy: prospective evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The use of intraoperative carbon dioxide (CO(2)) colonoscopy during a laparoscopic colon operation is becoming more common. Simultaneous intracolonic and intraabdominal CO(2) insufflation may result in significant physiologic changes, but in-depth physiologic effects have not been studied to date. This study aimed to evaluate the physiologic changes and the overall safety of simultaneous CO(2) laparoscopy and colonoscopy. METHODS: A prospective pilot study was performed with 26 subjects (17 men and 9 women) undergoing laparoscopic surgical treatment for colorectal conditions adjunctively managed with CO(2) intraoperative colonoscopy. Surgery proceeded with CO(2) insufflation to a maximum pressure of 12 mmHg by laparoscopy and with a maximum CO(2) flow of 5 l/min via colonoscopy. Serial intra- and postoperative arterial blood gases, end-tidal CO(2), and minute ventilation were recorded during predetermined periods: during initial laparoscopy, during simultaneous colonoscopy and laparoscopy, during laparoscopy after colonoscopy, and after desufflation. RESULTS: No significant morbidity resulted from simultaneous CO(2) insufflation. Three patients had a CO(2) partial pressure (PaCO(2)) greater than 50, and one patient with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 42 kg/m(2) had a PaCO(2) greater than 50 for more than 30 min and was compensated by increasing minute ventilation. The mean pH was 7.36 in the recovery room. Postoperatively, no patient had a pH lower than 7.3, prolonged intubation, or reintubation. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous CO(2) colonoscopy and laparoscopy lead only to transient alterations in respiratory parameters that can be compensated. Based on these findings, simultaneous insufflation of CO(2) into the peritoneal cavity and the large bowel lumen during complex endoscopic procedures may be considered safe for most patients.

Treatment for right colon polyps not removable using standard colonoscopy: combined laparoscopic-colonoscopic approach.

BACKGROUND: For complex right colon polyps, not removable using colonoscopy, right colon resection is considered the optimal treatment. Combined endoscopic-laparoscopic surgery, using both laparoscopy and CO2 colonoscopy, has been introduced as a new approach for these complex colon polyps with intent to avoid bowel resection. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and outcomes of combined endoscopic-laparoscopic surgery used for treatment of complex right colon polyps. DESIGN: This is a retrospective study of patients undergoing combined endoscopic-laparoscopic surgery for treatment of benign right colon polyps from 2003 to 2008. SETTINGS: This is a single-institution study. PATIENTS: Twenty-three patients with complex right colon polyps were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures included the length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, and polyp recurrence. RESULTS: Of 23 patients, 20 (87%) patients had their polyp removed successfully by combined endoscopic-laparoscopic surgery and 3 (13%) needed laparoscopic resection, after laparoendoscopic evaluation. The median length of hospital stay was 2 days (range, 1-5), and there were no postoperative complications. Median follow-up time was 12 months. Three patients had recurrent polyps, and the recurrence-free interval at 36 months was 55.7% (95% CI = 8.6%, 87.0%). All recurrences were benign polyps and were removed by colonoscopic snaring. CONCLUSIONS: Combined endoscopic-laparoscopic surgery can be safely offered to selected patients with benign right colon polyps that can not be removed by colonoscopy. This combined approach may provide a viable alternative to right colon resection for complex benign colon lesions and warrants future investigation.

Insurance but not race is associated with diverticulitis mortality in a statewide database.

OBJECTIVES: Racial identity and health insurance have been associated with differential health care outcomes for many diseases, but not for diverticulitis. We examined the association of racial identity and insurance with admission, treatment, and mortality for patients admitted to inpatient care for acute diverticulitis. METHODS: Data on adult inpatients with nonelective diverticulitis admissions between 1985 and 2006 were extracted from the New York Statewide Planning and Cooperative Systems Database. Race categories were white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, Hispanic, Asian, other race, and unknown race. A multivariable logistic regression model adjusted for insurance, year, patient factors, community factors, and hospital factors was used to examine the association of racial identity and insurance with presentation, treatment, and mortality. Five outcomes were considered: 1) admission via the emergency department, 2) complicated disease presentation, 3) surgical intervention, 4) colostomy creation, and 5) mortality. White race and private insurance were reference groups. RESULTS: We identified 253,655 admissions. Race distribution included 77.7% white, 8.1% black, and 7.2% Hispanic. Medicare was the most commonly held insurance (52.7%), and 73.7% of patients were admitted through the emergency department. Of 36,190 surgeries, 20,650 (57.1%) included colostomies, and 3.0% of all patients died. Race other than white and Medicaid insurance were the strongest predictors of admission via the emergency department (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.12-1.60; OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.44-1.78). Patients categorized as black, Hispanic, Asian, or other were less likely to have complicated disease, surgery, and colostomy creation (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.76-0.85; OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81-0.94; and OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.61-0.74). Insurance was associated with higher rates of mortality; having Medicaid or no insurance were the strongest predictors (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.36-1.89; OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.69). CONCLUSIONS: In acute diverticulitis, race and insurance were associated with differential admission patterns, and patients categorized as black, Hispanic, Asian, or other were less likely to receive surgical treatment or colostomy. Insurance status, but not race, was associated with mortality. Future research is needed to further explore these differences in admission, treatment, and mortality.

Fixation of intestinal tissue using a novel endoscopic device.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to assess the utility and strength of a novel endoscopic fixation device, Brace-Bar, in the large intestine and compare the strength with other currently available techniques. The primary outcome was the strength of fixation using 3 endoscopic methods: BraceBar, suture, and commercially available tackers. The hypothesis is that the use of the BraceBar will result in fixation strength similar to the strength of the other methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ex vivo porcine model was used to test 3 fixation methods: Group 1, BraceBar (Prototype); Group 2, ProTack (AutoSuture); and Group 3, TI-CRON suture (Syneture). Large-bowel segments were fixed to abdominal wall tissue at 20 cm from the distal end of the rectum. Primary endpoint was pull away strength. A total of 45 trials of each method were performed. Comparison between the groups was done using JMP 7.0. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in strength between the BraceBar group and the suture group ( P = .1236). The BraceBar method demonstrated significantly higher strength compared with the tacker group (P = .003). CONCLUSION: Use of the BraceBar for fixation of the large bowel is at least comparable with suture fixation, making clinical use of BraceBar a reasonable consideration. Use of this device may make endoscopic repair of certain intestinal conditions feasible.