Spontaneous and Traumatic Splenic Rupture: Retrospective Clinical, B-Mode and CEUS Analysis in 62 Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Both B-mode ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) are well established procedures when diagnosing traumatic splenic ruptures (TSR). To date, there are no data about CEUS patterns in spontaneous splenic ruptures (SSR). It remains unknown whether TSR and SSR differ with respect to clinical characteristics, B-mode and CEUS characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 12/2003 and 2/2010, n=33 SSRs and n=29 TSRs were diagnosed in a tertiary referral center. All patients were examined with B-mode and CEUS, and clinical data and the outcome were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Patients with SSR were significantly older than patients with TSR (62 years vs. 44 years; p=0.01). The 4-week mortality was significantly higher in SSR than in TSR (36% vs. 0%; p=0.001). No differences between the grading of TSR and SSR could be shown in B-mode or in CEUS. Notably, CEUS was significantly superior to B-mode with respect to the grading of splenic ruptures (p=0.01). Therefore, therapeutic management was influenced by CEUS. CONCLUSION: There are differences between SSR and TSR, especially concerning clinical data (age, course of disease and mortality). Regarding the sonographic pattern, SSR and TSR show identical grading. When splenic rupture is suspected, CEUS should always be performed to identify patients at risk who require interventional procedures.

Detection of peripheral embolic consolidations using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in patients with no evidence of pulmonary embolism on computed tomography: A pilot study.

AIM: To investigate the value of B-mode imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) but no evidence of central PE on CT. METHODS: Between May 2004 and February 2015, we included in this retrospective study 19 patients with a risk profile for PE according to their Wells' score, sonographic patterns of peripheral embolic consolidations (EC) on B-mode-imaging and CEUS (ie, missing or inhomogeneous enhancement of the pleural lesions), and exclusion of central PE by CT within 1 week of CEUS. RESULTS: On B-mode imaging, 19 pleural defects presented as hypoechoic. The shape of EC was round in 2, wedge-shaped in 12, polygonal in 3, and presented as atelectasis in 2 cases. On CEUS, 5 of the defects demonstrated, at the arterial and parenchymal phase, a lack of enhancement, and 14 showed an inhomogeneous (mixed) enhancement with wedge-shaped peripheral areas of no contrast enhancement. A second radiologic evaluation of the CT scans revealed PE in two patients and lesions suspicious for malignancy in two other patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lack of definite confirmation of peripheral and central PE on CT, peripheral pleural consolidations with no or inhomogeneous enhancement on CEUS, in combination with the risk profile for a PE, are highly suggestive of EC. If there is still some doubt, histologic confirmation is important to confirm EC and exclude malignancy. Thus, CEUS may close a potential diagnostic gap of small peripheral PE on CT. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:575-579, 2017.

Sonographic patterns of renal lymphoma in B-mode imaging and in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)--a retrospective evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Retrospective analysis of sonographic patterns of renal lymphoma in B-mode imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). PATIENTS/METHODS: From January 2000 to June 2014, 27 patients with clinical or histologically confirmed renal lymphoma were examined with B-mode imaging, followed by CEUS in 8 cases. RESULTS: In B-mode imaging renal lymphoma were hypoechoic in all 27 cases (100%). 9 patients (33.3%) had a bilateral, 18 (66.7%) patients had an unilateral lymphoma infiltration of the kidneys. 8 (29.6%) cases of small nodular, 5 (18.5%) cases of large nodular and 6 (22.2%) cases of perirenal lymphoma infiltration of the kidney were observed in B-mode imaging. Bulky-formation of renal lymphoma was detected in 6 (22.2%) patients and 2 (7.4%) patients had a diffuse lymphoma infiltration of the kidneys. In CEUS an arterial isoechoic enhancement was observed in 5 (62.5%)- and, an arterial hypoechoic enhancement was observed in 3 (37.5%) cases of renal lymphoma. A hypoechoic enhancement in the parenchymal phase was observed in 8 (100%) cases of renal lymphoma infiltration. CONCLUSION: In B-mode-imaging, nodular lymphoma infiltration of the kidneys is the most common of all renal lymphoma patterns in B-mode imaging. In CEUS, renal lymphoma presented an arterial iso- or hypoechoic enhancement, followed by a hypoechoic enhancement in the parenchymal phase. In regard to the differentiation of renal lymphoma to benign lesions of the kidney, CEUS may be helpful. However, the differentiation of renal lymphoma from other malignant lesions of the kidney like renal cell carcinoma is not feasible by CEUS.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in hepatic lymphoma: retrospective evaluation in 38 cases.

PURPOSE: Description of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) patterns of hepatic lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a period of 6 years and 1 month from January 2006 to January 2012, n = 38 patients with histological or clinically apparent hepatic lymphoma were studied by means of CEUS prior to B-mode imaging. RESULTS: Using B-mode imaging, lesions were hypoechoic in n = 37 (97.4 %) cases, while a focal lymphoma lesion was echo-rich in 1 case (2.6 %). For comparison, with CEUS, a hyperenhanced signal during the arterial phase was observed in n = 9 (23.7 %), an isoenhanced signal in n = 17 (44.7 %) and a hypoenhanced signal in n = 12 (31.6 %) cases. During the portal phase n = 2 (5.3 %) lesions were isoenhanced and n = 36 (94.7 %) were hypoenhanced followed by a hypoenhancement in n = 38 (100 %) cases in the late phase. CONCLUSION: Lymphomas of the liver can cause different contrast accumulation in the arterial phase of CEUS. Furthermore, a clear differentiation from other malignant liver lesions such as metastases is crucial as different contrast accumulation in the arterial phase of CEUS is observed. In the late phase, hepatic lymphomas lead to a hypoenhancement in CEUS, also known as a "wash-out" phenomenon. In conclusion, CEUS is helpful to differentiate hepatic lesions by means of evaluating the malignancy or benignancy. In this regard, the application of CEUS can help to find the right diagnosis. A final discrimination between malignant liver lesions, such as liver lymphomas, metastasis or HCC, remains impossible.