Environmental Exposure to Pesticides and the Risk of Child Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Background and Objectives: Neurodevelopment is a fragile brain process necessary for learning from the beginning of childhood to adulthood. During the procedure, several risks could affect it, including environmental factors such as neurotoxic chemicals or environmental pollutants and, within them, exposure to pesticides. Materials and Methods: This ecological descriptive study attempted to assess the association between environmental exposure to pesticides and neurodevelopmental disorders. This study was conducted on 4830 children diagnosed for 11 years in a total population of 119,897 children in three areas: high, medium, and low greenhouse concentrations. Results: Chromosomal abnormalities were the most common prenatal disorder (28.6%), while intrauterine physical factors were the least common (0.5%). Among perinatal diagnoses, gestational age less than 32 weeks was the most common (25%), while hyperbilirubinemia requiring exchange transfusion and birth complications was the least common (0.4%). Brain damage was the most common problem detected in postnatal diagnosis (36.7%), while unspecified postnatal abnormalities were the least common (3.1%). Conclusions: The areas with the highest greenhouse concentration had higher incidences of neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly in boys, and lower age of referral. Chromosomal abnormalities were prevalent for prenatal diagnoses, gestational age below thirty-two weeks for perinatal diagnoses, and brain damage for postnatal diagnoses. Future studies should analyze the connection between pesticide exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders using spatial point pattern analysis.

A systematic review of the effects of nutrition programmes in high schools

Introduction/Objectives: Obesity rates are reaching alarming levels. Adolescence is a critical period for the prevention of nutritional problems, as it is a time of development of one's own eating habits. These habits will persist into adulthood, so showing adolescents healthy lifestyle patterns is important. The ideal option would be through school-based nutrition intervention programmes. The main objective of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of intervention programmes based on nutritional knowledge and the behaviour of adolescents aged 11-19 years. Method: To carry out this systematic review we employed Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science as databases and a search period that spanned the last 10 years, following the PRISMA statement. Subsequent to the search, 110 articles were found. Finally, 19 articles were selected for in-depth analysis after a thorough screening. Results: The results show that, in general, intervention programmers have improved the nutritional knowledge of high school students, which means an improvement in their eating behaviours. In addition, these programmes increase their levels of physical activity. However, gender differences are observed, with girls being more concerned about maintaining a balanced diet. Conclusion: In conclusion, schools are an ideal environment for developing programmes that interfere in adolescent eating behaviour.

Introducción/Objetivos: Las tasas de obesidad están alcanzando niveles alarmantes. La adolescencia es un periodo crítico para la prevención de problemas nutricionales, ya que es un momento de desarrollo de los propios hábitos alimentarios. Estos hábitos permanecerán en la edad adulta, por lo que es importante mostrarles a los adolescentes patrones de estilo de vida saludable. La opción ideal sería a través de programas de intervención nutricional en las escuelas. El objetivo principal de este artículo es investigar la efectividad de los programas de intervención basados en el conocimiento y comportamiento nutricional en adolescentes de 11 a 19 años. Métodos: Para llevar a cabo esta revisión sistemática utilizamos como bases de datos Scopus, PubMed y Web of Science y un periodo de búsqueda que abarcó los últimos diez años, siguiendo la declaración Prisma. Después de la búsqueda, se encontraron 110 artículos. Finalmente, 19 artículos fueron seleccionados para un análisis en profundidad después de una revisión exhaustiva. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que, en general, los programas de intervención han mejorado los conocimientos nutricionales de los estudiantes de secundaria, lo que significa una mejora en sus conductas alimentarias. Además, estos programas aumentan sus niveles de actividad física. Sin embargo, se observan diferencias de género, estando las chicas más preocupadas por mantener una dieta equilibrada. Conclusiones: En conclusión, las escuelas son un ambiente ideal para el desarrollo de programas que interfieren en la conducta alimentaria de los adolescentes.

Spanish validation of short-form version of Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS) and Stigma of Suicide Scale (SOSS).

INTRODUCTION: The evidence shows that a greater understanding of mental health and the myths about suicide is related to a reduction in these types of problems. OBJECTIVE: Validate the Literacy of Suicide Scale-Short Form (LOSS-SF) and the Stigma of Suicide Scale-Short Form (SOSS-SF) for Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both scales were translated to Spanish via backward translation. The sample was comprised of a total of 466 participants, of which 169 (36.2%) were men and 297 (63.6%) were women through nonrandom circumstantial sampling. The questionnaires were administered online. To test the factorial structure and evaluate reliability, both an EFA and an AFC were conducted. In addition, the reliability of the questionnaires was analyzed using the Omega coefficient and Cronbach's alpha. Finally, a linear regression analysis was carried out with the aim of testing the predictability of the scales. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results obtained reveal acceptable fit indices and a factorial structure similar to that of the validation conducted for both instruments in other countries. The validity of these instruments for use in Spain is discussed.

Emotional Intelligence and Resilience Outcomes in Adolescent Period, is Knowledge Really Strength?

Adolescence is possibly the most difficult period of life, because it is the beginning of a series of changes in both the internal and external aspects of the body. For this reason, we all have a series of psychological mechanisms, resilience and emotional intelligence, which allow us to adapt to these periods of change. In this way, the present study aims to analyse through a systematic review the results obtained in different studies to better understand the current situation. The methodology used in the systematic review was PRISMA, covering a period of the last 10 years. The results obtained show that the selected studies show a strong relationship between resilience and emotional intelligence when there are adequate levels of resilience and emotional intelligence. Therefore, it is necessary for young people to develop a series of internal mechanisms that act as protectors against the vicissitudes they may face in their lives, allowing them to fully adapt to the demands of the context.

A Systematic Review of Healthy Nutrition Intervention Programs in Kindergarten and Primary Education.

Childhood obesity and overweight rates are increasing in an exponential way. This type of diet-related health problem has consequences, not only at present but also for children's future lives. For these reasons, it is very important to find a solution, which could be nutrition intervention programs. The main objective of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of nutrition intervention programs in children aged 3-12 around the world. We used SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed databases to carry out this systematic review and we followed the PRISMA statement. Two authors conducted literature searches independently, finding a total of 138 articles. Finally, after a thorough screening, a total of 19 articles were selected for detailed analysis. The results show that, in general, nutrition intervention programs are effective in improving knowledge and behaviors about healthy habits, and, consequently, that the body mass index value is reduced. However, it is true that we found differences between the incomes of families and geographical areas. In conclusion, we encourage school centers to consider including these types of programs in their educational program and bring awareness of the importance of families too.

Effects of academic self-regulation on procrastination, academic stress and anxiety, resilience and academic performance in a sample of Spanish secondary school students.

Introduction: One of the biggest challenges facing students today is procrastination, which is closely related to stress, anxiety and, in the most severe cases, depression. The aim of the present study is to analyze the influence of academic self-regulation on procrastination, academic anxiety and stress, academic resilience and academic performance. Method: The sample consisted of 991 high school students aged between 16 and 19 years (M = 17.25; SD = 3.45). A structural equation model was used to analyze the relationship between the study variables. Results: Analyzes showed that academic self-regulation negatively predicted procrastination. In turn, procrastination positively predicted academic stress and anxiety. However, resilience exerted a protective influence by being positively related to academic stress and anxiety. Finally, resilience positively predicted academic performance, whereas stress and anxiety negatively predicted academic performance. Conclusion: Thus, the importance of generating strategies for students to learn to self-regulate in academic contexts, manage emotions, foster motivation and develop strategies to help them overcome the vicissitudes they face is emphasized.

Is resilience learned through the frustration of the BPN? An empirical study about its role in the acquisition of positive lifestyles and academic outcomes framed in SDT.

Based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this research shows once again the importance of the teaching role in fostering adaptive behaviors in students. As mediators of the model are the Basic Psychological Needs (BPN) and resilience. To date, although the inclusion of a fourth BPN, called novelty, had been proposed, it had not previously been used as part of the BPN measure of satisfaction or frustration. For its part, resilience had proven its relationship in isolation with the different constructs studied here, but had never been part of an explanatory model. The main objective of this study was to perform a structural equation model based on SDT to analyze the predictive capacity of the autonomy-supportive teaching style as a trigger of BPN frustration (including novelty), its relationship with resilience, and, finally, its relationship with adaptive outcomes such as intention to be physically active, maintain a healthy diet, and academic performance. A total of 2856 subjects participated (1514 boys and 1342 girls), with a mean age of 14.31 (SD = 1.91). Different SEM were tested, with the one that included novelty as the fourth BPN and resilience as a coadjutant construct of the explanatory model based on SDT offering better adjustment indexes. Fostering a climate supportive of autonomy will favor the satisfaction of the BPNs and therefore resilient behaviors in students, which are related to positive consequences such as those studied in this research. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03496-y.

Teachers' Mental Health and Their Involvement in Educational Inclusion.

Teaching is one of the most stressful work contexts, psychologically affecting professionals. The objective of this study is to analyse the effect of the frustration of NPB basic psychological needs, resilience, emotional intelligence and inclusion from the perspective of teachers in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is carried out with 542 teachers of therapeutic pedagogy and special educational needs using the Psychological Need Thwarting Scale PNTS questionnaires as a research method, the Resilience Scale (RS-14), the Trait Meta Mood Scale 24 (TMMS-24), the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Index for Inclusion. The results revealed positive correlations, on the one hand, between the factors of frustration among themselves and with burnout and, on the other hand, the positive correlation between emotional intelligence, resilience and the inclusion index. In conclusion, the resilience of teachers plays a protective role in the inclusion of students with SEN in the face of emotional exhaustion and the frustration of psychological needs.

Can we speak of a negative psychological tetrad in sports? A probabilistic Bayesian study on competitive sailing.

INTRODUCTION: Researchers display an interest in studying aspects like the mental health of high-performance athletes; the dark side of sport, or the earliest attempts to study the so-called dark triad of personality in both initiation and high-performance athletes. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to determine the possible existence and magnitude of negative psychological aspects within a population of competition sailors and from a probabilistic point of view, using Bayesian Network analysis. METHODS: The study was carried out on 235 semi-professional sailors of the 49er Class, aged between 16 and 52 years (M = 24.66; SD = 8.03). RESULTS: The results show the existence of a Negative Tetrad-formed by achievement burnout, anxiety due to concentration disruption, amotivation and importance given to error-as a probabilistic product of the psychological variables studied: motivation, anxiety, burnout and fear of error. CONCLUSION: These results, supported by Bayesian networks, show holistically the influence of the social context on the psychological and emotional well-being of the athlete during competition at sea.

The Perception of Teaching, Learning Styles and Commitment to Learning and Their Influence on the Practice of Physical Activity and Eating Habits Related to the Mediterranean Diet in Physical Education Students.

Childhood obesity, linked to a sedentary lifestyle and an unbalanced diet, is one of the main problems in today's Western societies. In this sense, the aim of the study was to analyze students' perceived satisfaction in physical education classes with learning strategies and engagement in learning and critical thinking as determinants of healthy lifestyle habits. The study involved 2,439 high school students aged 12-18 years (M = 14.66, SD = 1.78). Structural equation modeling was conducted to analyze the predictive relationships between the study variables. The results showed that teaching, teaching mastery, and cognitive development are precursors to deep thinking on the part of students, indicators of the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits. These results reflect the importance of the methodology adopted by the teacher in order to positively influence the students' habits.

Effectiveness of positive expiratory pressure on patients over 16 years of age with cystic fibrosis: systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease that involves the cells that produce mucus and sweat, affecting many organs, especially the lungs. Positive expiratory pressure (PEP) devices generate a pressure opposite to that exerted by the airways during expiration, thus improving mucociliary clearance. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of PEP devices as a resource to facilitate the mucus removal and other outcomes in people with CF, as well as the possible adverse effects derived from their use. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA standards. The descriptors were 'cystic fibrosis', 'PEP', and 'physiotherapy and/or physical therapy'. The search was performed in four databases: PubMed, PEDro, and Web of Science and Scopus, in July 2021. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) over the last 10 years. The methodological quality of the studies was analyzed and meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager software. RESULTS: Ten RCTs met the objectives and criteria, with a total of 274 participants. The trials score a moderate methodological quality on the PEDro scale. No clear results were obtained on whether PEP provides better lung function than other breathing techniques (such as airway clearance); but it does achieve a higher rate of lung clearance than physical exercise. CONCLUSIONS: PEP is more effective than usual care or no intervention, although there is not enough evidence to confirm that PEP achieves improvements in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) compared with other techniques. It is a safe technique, without adverse effects.

Self-Stigma, Mental Health and Healthy Habits in Parent of Children with Severe Mental Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Family members who have children with Severe Mental Disorder under their care have a hard impact on them as they are faced with the task of attending to their demands and care. This is a change in their lives as it significantly interferes with their physical and social well-being. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between self-stigma, depression, stress and anxiety and their relationship with healthy habits, such as sport and a healthy diet. METHODS: The sample consisted of 538 parents aged between 38 and 52 years (M = 43.42; SD = 13.11). The parents have children with a diagnosis of mental disorder under their care. Participants completed the Spanish adaptation of the Self-Stigma in Relatives of people with Mental Illness (SSRMI), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Kidmed Scale and the WHO scale, whose responses were analysed using structural equation modelling. RESULTS: The results showed that self-stigma was positively related to anxiety, stress and depression and, in turn, these three variables were negatively related to sporting activity and healthy eating. CONCLUSION: This study, therefore, is further evidence of the impact of self-stigma at the physical and mental level on family members, which highlights the need to provide them with support tools and resources, and to work on raising social awareness of mental disorders.

Análisis de los factores relacionados con el tiempo prehospitalario en la atención al ictus / Factors related to prehospital time in caring for patients with stroke

Objetivo: Identificar factores que influyen en el tiempo prehospitalario (TPH) en pacientes que presentan un ictus. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en 6 bases de datos. Se seleccionaron estudios descriptivos, publicados entre 1995 y 2019, en inglés, portugués o castellano, que identificasen factores que influyen en el TPH en pacientes que han padecido un ictus. Resultados: Se analizaron 101 artículos. Se identificaron factores relacionados con el marco temporal en la atención prehospitalaria del ictus, que se clasificaron en sociodemográficos, clínicos, contextuales, cognitivos y conductuales. El aviso inmediato al sistema de emergencias médicas (SEM) fue el principal factor que redujo el TPH; ser derivado desde otro centro sanitario se relacionó con un mayor TPH. Conclusión: El TPH depende de factores inherentes al paciente y a su entorno. Es necesario el desarrollo de estrategias educativas que incidan sobre dichos factores, especialmente sobre la importancia de reconocer los síntomas iniciales del ictus y del aviso inmediato al SEM. (AU)

Objectives: To identify factors that affect prehospital time (PHT) for patients with stroke. Material and methods: Systematic review. We searched 6 databases to select descriptive studies of factors influencing PHT in stroke. The studies selected were published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish between 1995 and 2019. Results: One hundred one articles were analyzed. Sociodemographic, clinical, contextual, cognitive, and behavioral data related to PHT in patients with stroke were identified. Calling the emergency medical services (EMS) immediately after onset of stroke symptoms was the main factor associated with a shorter PHT. Referral from another hospital was associated with a longer PHT. Conclusion: PHT is affected by factors inherent to patients and the setting for the event. Educational strategies should be developed to address relevant factors, especially regarding the importance of recognizing the onset of a stroke and calling the EMS immediately. (AU)

Factors related to prehospital time in caring for patients with stroke. / Análisis de los factores relacionados con el tiempo prehospitalario en la atención al ictus.

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors that affect prehospital time (PHT) for patients with stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systematic review. We searched 6 databases to select descriptive studies of factors influencing PHT in stroke. The studies selected were published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish between 1995 and 2019. RESULTS: One hundred one articles were analyzed. Sociodemographic, clinical, contextual, cognitive, and behavioral data related to PHT in patients with stroke were identified. Calling the emergency medical services (EMS) immediately after onset of stroke symptoms was the main factor associated with a shorter PHT. Referral from another hospital was associated with a longer PHT. CONCLUSION: PHT is affected by factors inherent to patients and the setting for the event. Educational strategies should be developed to address relevant factors, especially regarding the importance of recognizing the onset of a stroke and calling the EMS immediately.

OBJETIVO: Identificar factores que influyen en el tiempo prehospitalario (TPH) en pacientes que presentan un ictus. METODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en 6 bases de datos. Se seleccionaron estudios descriptivos, publicados entre 1995 y 2019, en inglés, portugués o castellano, que identificasen factores que influyen en el TPH en pacientes que han padecido un ictus. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 101 artículos. Se identificaron factores relacionados con el marco temporal en la atención prehospitalaria del ictus, que se clasificaron en sociodemográficos, clínicos, contextuales, cognitivos y conductuales. El aviso inmediato al sistema de emergencias médicas (SEM) fue el principal factor que redujo el TPH; ser derivado desde otro centro sanitario se relacionó con un mayor TPH. CONCLUSIONES: El TPH depende de factores inherentes al paciente y a su entorno. Es necesario el desarrollo de estrategias educativas que incidan sobre dichos factores, especialmente sobre la importancia de reconocer los síntomas iniciales del ictus y del aviso inmediato al SEM.

Healthy and Balanced Nutrition for Children through Physical Education Classes.

Introduction. In recent years, the rate of childhood obesity has been on the rise, currently standing at levels close to 20%. This means that one in five children is more likely to suffer from cardiovascular or metabolic diseases. Physical Education classes are therefore an ideal way to raise awareness among children and their families about healthy and balanced eating habits. Method. A total of 113 primary school students, aged 9-12 years, participated in the study. In order to analyze the data, a structural equation model (SEM) was used to analyze the influence between the variables. Results. The SEM results revealed that a controlling social context showed a negative prediction of psychological need satisfaction and a positive prediction of frustration. However, an autonomy supportive social context showed a negative prediction of psychological need satisfaction and a positive prediction of psychological need satisfaction. Frustration of psychological needs was negatively related to motivation, whereas satisfaction was positively related to motivation. In turn, motivation was positively related to each of the factors of the theory of planned behaviour. Finally, intention to follow a healthy diet was positively related to the Mediterranean diet. Discussion. These results revealed the importance of social context and physical education classes in the adoption of a balanced diet.

Testing the Factorial Validity of the Classroom Engagement Inventory with Spanish Students.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to test the factorial validity of Classroom Engagement Inventory of Wang, Bergin and Bergin with Spanish high school students. METHODS: In this study, 546 students participated (mean = 13.27, standard deviation = 0.629), from several high schools in Andalusia. To analyze the psychometric properties of the scale, several analyses were carried out. RESULTS: The results offered support for the five-factor structure. The analysis of invariance with respect to gender showed that the factor structure of the questionnaire was invariant. The Cronbach alpha values were higher than 0.70 in the subscales. DISCUSSION: The results of this study demonstrated the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Classroom Engagement Inventory with high school students.

Testing the Structural Validity of the Self-Stigma Scale in Relatives of People with Autism in the Spanish Context.

Sometimes, relatives of children with autism experience feelings of guilt, abandonment and devaluation, as they tend to see themselves as the cause of their children's illness. This causes social isolation and psychological discomfort. However, there are no scales that assess self-stigma. Therefore, the aim of the study is to show evidence of the validity and reliability of the Self-Stigma Scale in Relatives of People with Mental Illness in the Spanish context in relation to autism. A total of 287 progenitors participated in the study. For the validation and adaptation process, three confirmatory factor analyses, analysis of invariance across gender, reliability analysis and temporal stability, were carried out. The results revealed that the factor structure of the questionnaire was adequate, showing adequate levels of reliability.

Adaptation and Validation of the Eudaimonic Well-Being Questionnaire to the Spanish Sport Context.

Studies to date that have focused on the well-being of the athlete have been based on the hedonic point of view. However, there is a second point of view: eudemonia. Therefore, the present study aims to validate and adapt the Eudemonic Well-Being Scale to the sport context. The study involved 2487 from several sport clubs. Several confirmatory factor analyses were carried out and showed that the six-factor questionnaire was the one with the best fit indices. These results show that the scale is in relation to the original scale (from Spain) and to Waterman's theoretical model.

Evaluation of the Use of Shared Decision Making in Breast Cancer: International Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To assess shared decision-making (SDM) knowledge, attitude and application among health professionals involved in breast cancer (BC) treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study based on an online questionnaire, sent by several professional societies to health professionals involved in BC management. There were 26 questions which combined demographic and professional data with some items measured on a Likert-type scale. RESULTS: The participation (459/541; 84.84%) and completion (443/459; 96.51%) rates were high. Participants strongly agreed or agreed in 69.57% (16/23) of their responses. The majority stated that they knew of SDM (mean 4.43 (4.36-4.55)) and were in favour of its implementation (mean 4.58 (4.51-4.64)). They highlighted that SDM practice was not adequate due to lack of resources (3.46 (3.37-3.55)) and agreed on policies that improved its implementation (3.96 (3.88-4.04)). The main advantage of SDM for participants was patient satisfaction (38%), and the main disadvantage was the patients' paucity of knowledge to understand their disease (24%). The main obstacle indicated was the lack of time and resources (40%). CONCLUSIONS: New policies must be designed for adequate training of professionals in integrating SDM in clinical practice, preparing them to use SDM with adequate resources and time provided.

Physical Education and the Adoption of Habits Related to the Mediterranean Diet.

Childhood obesity and sedentary lifestyles are now gaining a foothold in the Western world. The aim of this research was to analyse the influence of physical education classes on a healthy diet (i.e., Mediterranean diet). To this end, psychological constructs derived from the theory of self-determination and the theory of planned behaviour were taken into account, such as the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs, motivation in physical education classes, and social cognition and intention. A total of 3415 secondary school students (13-19 years) participated in this study. A structural equation model was proposed that would explain the relationships between the variables mentioned above and the adherence to a Mediterranean diet. The results provide adequate fit indexes for the proposed model. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that a high satisfaction perceived in the physical education classes would help to reinforce the intention of having a healthy diet and therefore help to generate a perdurable commitment to this habit.