Resilience, Coping Self-Efficacy, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Healthcare Workers Who Work with Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Greece.

Due to occupational exposure to potentially traumatic events, health care workers (HCWs) may be at risk of developing posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms or probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined probable PTSD, coping, and resilience among national HCWs working in Greece. A total of 17.9% of the sample of participants (N = 112) met the screening criteria for probable PTSD. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess if trauma coping self-efficacy (CSE) and resilience predicted probable PTSD, and the results indicated that lower trauma CSE significantly predicted probable PTSD in unadjusted models (OR = 0.89, 95% CI, 0.82, 0.96, p < 0.01) and adjusted models (OR = 0.90, 95% CI, 0.83, 0.97, p < 0.01). Our study findings suggest that organizations that employ HCWs may support their workers through ongoing screening, assessment, and training that enhances coping self-efficacy.

Psychological adaptation among health care workers who work with trauma-exposed refugees in Greece.

Greek health care workers (HCWs) working with refugee and asylum-seeker populations may be at risk of trauma exposure and related distress. The current study sought to further understand the factors that may promote or hinder psychological adaptation among HCWs working with trauma-exposed refugee populations in Greece. Participants were HCWs (N = 20) who completed semistructured interviews. Thematic analysis procedures identified three main themes: vicarious traumatization, (b) mismatch of expectations, and (c) difficulty coping. Our study findings highlight the need to provide adequate training, supervision, and mental health support for HCWs to prevent mental health issues in this population. Additional studies are necessary to understand the long-term consequences of working with refugee populations and explore ways to assist HCWs with self-care.

Emerging from the global syndemic crucible: Finding belonging in a post corona future.

The covid-19 global syndemic has upended societies worldwide and concomitantly united the world in a shared experience of lockdowns, social distancing, and economic upheaval. In the face of great uncertainty, dystopian realities, and binding government edicts, people's everyday lives, sense of agency, actions, and interactions changed forcibly. Importantly, it has disrupted many practices and routines essential for (re)constituting a sense of belonging, an important element of personhood and individual wellbeing. Using the "Letters from the Future" method, we investigate how individuals imagine and present themselves in the future to navigate this social change. We ask "How do letter writers construct a sense of belonging in a future of their own imagining?" To answer this question, we combine discourse- and text analysis with network analysis to examine 47 letters that Greek participants wrote during the Spring 2020 lockdown. We explore how individuals present and introduce their future self, what topos this self inhabits and what expressions, values, and practices they perform and negotiate as they reflect on and navigate their relational worlds. By and large, Greek letter writers recognize that inequities and injustices paved the way for the syndemic and express a pressing need for societal transformation.

Do Gender and Country of Residence Matter? A Mixed Methods Study on Lay Causal Beliefs about PTSD.

Laypersons' causal beliefs about mental disorders can differ considerably from medical or psychosocial clinicians' models as they are shaped by social and cultural context and by personal experiences. This study aimed at identifying differences in causal beliefs about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by country and gender. A cross-sectional, vignette-based online survey was conducted with 737 participants from Germany, Greece, Ecuador, Mexico, and Russia. Participants were presented with a short unlabeled case vignette describing a person with symptoms of PTSD. Causal beliefs were assessed using an open-ended question asking for the three most likely causes. Answers were analyzed using thematic analysis. Afterwards, themes were transformed into categorical variables to analyze differences by country and by gender. Qualitative analyses revealed a wide range of different causal beliefs. Themes differed by gender, with women tending to mention more external causal beliefs. Themes also differed between the five countries but the differences between countries were more pronounced for women than for men. In conclusion, causal beliefs were multifaceted among laypersons and shared basic characteristics with empirically derived risk factors. The more pronounced differences for women suggest that potential gender effects should be considered in cross-cultural research.

Implementing a combined Delphi and Focus Group qualitative methodology in Nexus research designs-The case of the WEFE Nexus in Apokoronas, Crete.

In recent years, researchers and policymakers have emphasised the importance of understanding the complex relationships between Water, Energy, Food and Ecosystems (WEFE). The primary reason for capturing these complexities is to understand how decisions made in the water, food and energy sectors can affect one another. Crucially, biodiversity and ecosystem services (E) play a mediating role in these relationships by making material and non-material contributions to all other sectors (W, E, F). The Nexus approach has been widely used for capturing these interdependencies and identifying opportunities for increasing efficiency, reducing trade-offs and building synergies for sustainable resource use across the WEFE nodes. One challenge in using this framework is the need to harmonise the technical and managerial dimensions of the WEFE interlinkages with the perceptions and priorities of local populations directly involved in the use and management of resources. This paper presents a methodological framework that seeks to integrate the perspectives of experts, practitioners and local stakeholders on the WEFE Nexus through the combined application of the Delphi and Focus Group methods. In this paper, the municipality of Apokoronas in Crete, Greece has served as the case in point. The combined framework allowed us to explore the Nexus understanding at the local level and was instrumental in the identification of initiatives for more integrated resource management. The triangulation of results captured the differences in priorities between practitioners and the local community at large, but also, more specifically, it pointed to discrepancies within groups and across WEFE sectors. The outcomes of this paper demonstrate that awareness and learning play a central role in Nexus actions to overcome conflicts and perceived inequalities, and to internalise solutions. The inclusion of the ecosystems node in the traditional WEF Nexus encouraged participants to contemplate the pivotal role of ecosystems in supporting the rest of the WEF sectors.

Lay causal beliefs about PTSD and cultural correlates in five countries.

Background: To date, cultural clinical research has primarily focused on differences between ethnic groups when investigating causal beliefs about mental disorders. While individual as well as contextual factors are considered important for gaining a better understanding of cultural influences, research on causal beliefs about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cultural correlates in laypersons is scarce. Objective: This study aimed at gain a better understanding of the association between causal beliefs about PTSD and cultural aspects, as well as other contextual and individual correlates of causal beliefs. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional, vignette-based online survey with 737 laypersons from Mexico, Ecuador, Germany, Greece, and Russia. Participants completed the illness perception questionnaire revised (IPQ-R) and reported several cultural and sociodemographic (e.g. country of residence, gender, personal values) as well as mental health-related variables (e.g. PTSD symptoms, previous seeking of help). Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify subgroups of individuals expressing similar causal beliefs for PTSD. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse covariates of class membership. Results: LCA resulted in a three-class solution of casual beliefs: a traumatic event-focused class (41.1%); an intrapersonal causes class (40.1%); and a multiple causes class (18.0%). Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed country of residence, gender, personal value of security, PTSD symptoms, and mental health literacy as significant covariates of class membership. Conclusions: Integrating a more diverse concept of culture into cultural clinical research can be a valuable addition to group comparisons based on nationality or ethnicity. Cultural clinical research needs to move towards a more integrated approach that accounts for the complexity of culture. Including additional contextual and sociodemographic factors can help to reach a more accurate understanding of the cultural influences on the development of causal beliefs and mental health.

Antecedentes:Hasta la fecha, la investigación clínica cultural se ha centrado principalmente en las diferencias entre grupos étnicos al investigar las creencias causales sobre los trastornos mentales. Si bien los factores individuales y contextuales se consideran importantes para obtener una mejor comprensión de las influencias culturales, la investigación sobre las creencias causales sobre el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y los correlatos culturales en las personas legas es escasa.Objetivo:Este estudio tuvo como objetivo obtener una mejor comprensión de la asociación entre las creencias causales sobre el TEPT y los aspectos culturales, así como otros correlatos contextuales e individuales de las creencias causales.Método:Realizamos una encuesta en línea transversal basada en viñetas con 737 legos de México, Ecuador, Alemania, Grecia y Rusia. Los participantes completaron el cuestionario de percepción de la enfermedad revisado (IPQ-R en su sigla en inglés) y reportaron varias variables culturales y sociodemográficas (e.g. país de residencia, género, valores personales) así como variables relacionadas con la salud mental (e.g. síntomas de TEPT, búsqueda previa de ayuda). Se realizó un análisis de clases latentes (LCA en su sigla en inglés) para identificar subgrupos de individuos que expresan creencias causales similares sobre el TEPT. Se utilizó la regresión logística multinomial para analizar las covariables de pertenencia a una clase.Resultados:El LCA resultó en una solución de tres clases de creencias causales: una clase centrada en un evento traumático (41,1%); una clase de causas intrapersonales (40,1%); y una clase de causas múltiples (18,0%). El análisis de regresión logística multinomial reveló el país de residencia, el género, el valour personal de la seguridad, los síntomas del TEPT y el conocimiento en salud mental como covariables importantes de la pertenencia a una clase.Conclusiones:La integración de un concepto de cultura más diverso en la investigación clínica cultural puede ser una valiosa adición a las comparaciones de grupos basadas en la nacionalidad o la etnia. La investigación clínica cultural debe avanzar hacia un enfoque más integrado que dé cuenta de la complejidad de la cultura. La inclusión de factores contextuales y sociodemográficos adicionales puede ayudar a alcanzar una comprensión más precisa de las influencias culturales en el desarrollo de las creencias causales y la salud mental.

"From the World of Falsehood to the World of Truth": Recovery and reflexivity in Clubs of Families with Alcohol-related Problems in Crete.

The potential for a critical realist community psychology in the Greek context is not yet apparent. In this article, we present the results of a qualitative study that adheres to critical realism and community psychology principles. The study's focus is the lives of members of the 12 Clubs of Families with Alcohol-related Problems (CFAP) that operate on Crete. The empirical material was derived from fieldwork notes, minutes from CFAP weekly meetings, and interviews provided by 13 CFAP members. Participants conceptualized the path from alcohol addiction to sobriety as a transition from a world of falsehood and deceit ("fractured reflexivity") to a world of truth and communalism ("communicative reflexivity"). The article argues that CFAP's "regime of truth" prioritizes communicative reflexivity as the desirable mode of reflexivity, while at the same time contributing to an ambivalent political stance towards the oppressive structural arrangements that promote addiction.

Processing Intensive Care Unit Treatment Experiences: A Thematic Analysis of a Diary Intervention.

Survivors of the intensive care unit (ICU) report an aggregate of burdensome memories. ICU diaries have been proposed to address the psychological impact of ICU treatment. Twenty-six participants wrote about their ICU experiences in three successive sessions, while in the second session, they were presented with a dairy derived from their medical records. Using inductive thematic analysis in the first and third narratives, we explore how participants initially describe their ICU experience and how they process it after the intervention. Participants described a martyrdom experience, including being emotionally distressed, disorientated, and physically trapped that provoked a quest for any available interpersonal support. A vacuum-like state permeated their existence, impacted their sense-making ability, and the proximity to death uniquely characterized this experience. After intervention, participants made small but significant changes in their written narratives. They appeared to reorganize their recollections, reestablish self-continuity by integrating their ICU experiences, and authored restitution narratives.

Mental Health Professionals' Attitudes Towards People with Severe Mental Illness: Are they Related to Professional Quality of Life?

The present study examines whether attitudes of mental health professionals (MHPs) towards severe mental illness are associated with professional quality of life. The Attitudes towards Severe Mental Illness (ASMI), the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Professional Quality of Life Scale-5 (ProQOL-5) were completed by 287 MHPs in Greece (25.4% males, 74.6% females). The results indicate that MHPs hold predominantly positive attitudes towards people with severe mental illness. Nonetheless, MHPs' attitudes are deemed to be stereotypical according to ASMI concerning treatment duration, prospects of recovery, and whether patients are similar to other people. Higher scores in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, compassion fatigue and ProQOL-5 burn out dimension were significantly associated with MHPs' unfavorable attitudes, whereas higher scores in compassion satisfaction and personal accomplishment were associated with MHPs' positive attitudes. Assessing compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and burnout levels could help identify the processes involved in the development or maintenance of MHPs' stigmatizing attitudes.

Healthcare professionals' involvement in breaking bad news to newly diagnosed patients with motor neurodegenerative conditions: a qualitative study.

PURPOSE: Research on breaking bad news (BBN) in healthcare has mostly focused on the doctor-patient interaction during a single consultation. However, it has been increasingly recognised that BBN is a wider process that also involves other healthcare professionals. This qualitative study explored non-medical1 healthcare professionals' involvement in BBN to newly diagnosed patients with motor neurodegenerative conditions in the UK. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 19 healthcare professionals working with people with motor neurone disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease took part in individual, semi-structured interviews which were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four themes were constructed: dealing with the diagnostic aftermath, unpacking the diagnosis, breaking bad news as a balancing act and empowering patients to regain control over their health and lives. Participants reported being broadly involved in BBN by supporting patients with negative diagnostic experiences, re-iterating diagnostic information and helping patients understand the impact of their condition. The challenges of effectively breaking bad news and how these difficult conversations could help empower patients were also emphasised. CONCLUSIONS: BBN was a critical and challenging aspect of healthcare professionals' clinical work with newly diagnosed patients with motor neurodegenerative conditions. Besides providing information, BBN was perceived as a way to educate patients, encourage them to make decisions and prepare for the future.Implications for rehabilitationBreaking bad news is a potentially under-recognised but significant aspect in the neurorehabilitation of neurodegenerative conditions.Listening to patients' stories about a long and occasionally unsatisfactory diagnostic journey and allowing them to express their frustration can be critical in regaining patients' trust and building a relationship with them.Newly diagnosed patients have not always received adequate information about their condition at diagnosis or they might have not understood or retained that information. It is, therefore, essential that patients' understanding of their condition is assessed, misconceptions are cleared and appropriate information about the nature and impact of the diagnosis is provided.Irrespective of the length of experience, breaking bad news was perceived as a multi-faceted, challenging, stressful and emotionally demanding task.Formal support and specialised training on breaking the bad news that addresses the incurable, unpredictable and progressive nature of motor neurodegenerative conditions could help professionals with this challenging task.

Lived experiences: a focus group pilot study within the MentALLY project of mental healthcare among European users.

BACKGROUND: Mental healthcare is an important component in societies' response to mental health problems. Although the World Health Organization highlights availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of healthcare as important cornerstones, many Europeans lack access to mental healthcare of high quality. Qualitative studies exploring mental healthcare from the perspective of people with lived experiences would add to previous research and knowledge by enabling in-depth understanding of mental healthcare users, which may be of significance for the development of mental healthcare. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to describe experiences of mental healthcare among adult Europeans with mental health problems. METHOD: In total, 50 participants with experiences of various mental health problems were recruited for separate focus group interviews in each country. They had experiences from both the private and public sectors, and with in- and outpatient mental healthcare. The focus group interviews (N = 7) were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed through thematic analysis. The analysis yielded five themes and 13 subthemes. RESULTS: The theme Seeking and trying to find help contained three subthemes describing personal thresholds for seeking professional help, not knowing where to get help, and the importance of receiving help promptly. The theme Awaiting assessment and treatment contained two subthemes including feelings of being prioritized or not and feelings of being abandoned during the often-lengthy referral process. The theme Treatment: a plan with individual parts contained three subthemes consisting of demands for tailored treatment plans in combination with medications and human resources and agreement on treatment. The theme Continuous and respectful care relationship contained two subthemes describing the importance of continuous care relationships characterised by empathy and respect. The theme Suggestions for improvements contained three subthemes highlighting an urge to facilitate care contacts and to increase awareness of mental health problems and a wish to be seen as an individual with potential. CONCLUSION: Facilitating contacts with mental healthcare, a steady contact during the referral process, tailored treatment and empathy and respect are important aspects in efforts to improve mental healthcare. Recommendations included development of collaborative practices between stakeholders in order to increase general societal awareness of mental health problems.

A Critical Perspective on Mental Health News in Six European Countries: How Are "Mental Health/Illness" and "Mental Health Literacy" Rhetorically Constructed?

In this study, we aim to contribute to the field of critical health communication research by examining how notions of mental health and illness are discursively constructed in newspapers and magazines in six European countries and how these constructions relate to specific understandings of mental health literacy. Using the method of cluster-agon analysis, we identified four terminological clusters in our data, in which mental health/illness is conceptualized as "dangerous," "a matter of lifestyle," "a unique story and experience," and "socially situated." We furthermore found that we cannot unambiguously assume that biopsychiatric discourses or discourses aimed at empathy and understanding are either exclusively stigmatizing or exclusively empowering and normalizing. We consequently call for a critical conception of mental health literacy arguing that all mental health news socializes its audience in specific understandings of and attitudes toward mental health (knowledge) and that discourses on mental health/illness can work differently in varying contexts.

Healthcare professionals' perspectives on mental health service provision: a pilot focus group study in six European countries.

BACKGROUND: The mental healthcare treatment gap (mhcGAP) in adult populations has been substantiated across Europe. This study formed part of MentALLY, a research project funded by the European Commission, which aimed to gather qualitative empirical evidence to support the provision of European mental healthcare that provides effective treatment to all adults who need it. METHODS: Seven focus groups were conducted with 49 health professionals (HPs), including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, general practitioners, and psychiatric nurses who worked in health services in Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The focus group discussions centered on the barriers and facilitators to providing quality care to people with mild, medium, and severe mental health problems. Analyses included deductively and inductively driven coding procedures. Cross-country consensus was obtained by summarizing findings in the form of a fact sheet which was shared for triangulation by all the MentALLY partners. RESULTS: The results converged into two overarching themes: (1) Minding the treatment gap: the availability and accessibility of Mental Health Services (MHS). The mhcGAP gap identified is composed of different elements that constitute the barriers to care, including bridging divides in care provision, obstacles in facilitating access via referrals and creating a collaborative 'chain of care'. (2) Making therapeutic practice relevant by providing a broad-spectrum of integrated and comprehensive services that value person-centered care comprised of authenticity, flexibility and congruence. CONCLUSIONS: The mhcGAP is comprised of the following barriers: a lack of funding, insufficient capacity of human resources, inaccessibility to comprehensive services and a lack of availability of relevant treatments. The facilitators to the provision of MHC include using collaborative models of primary, secondary and prevention-oriented mental healthcare. Teamwork in providing care was considered to be a more effective and efficient use of resources. HPs believe that the use of e-mental health and emerging digital technologies can enhance care provision. Facilitating access to a relevant continuum of community-based care that is responsive coordinated and in line with people's needs throughout their lives is an essential aspect of optimal care provision.

Linking family cohesion and flexibility with expressed emotion, family burden and psychological distress in caregivers of patients with psychosis: A path analytic model.

The present study aimed to evaluate a path analytic model accounting for caregivers' psychological distress that takes into account perceived family cohesion and flexibility, expressed emotion and caregiver's burden associated with the presence of mental illness in the family. 50 first-episode and 50 chronic patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (most recent episode manic severe with psychotic features) recruited from the Inpatient Psychiatric Unit of the University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece, and their family caregivers participated in the study. Family functioning was assessed in terms of cohesion and flexibility (FACES-IV), expressed emotion (FQ), family burden (FBS) and caregivers' psychological distress (GHQ-28). Structural equation modelling was used to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of family dynamics on caregivers' psychological distress. The results showed that neither family cohesion nor family flexibility exerted significant direct effects on caregivers' psychological distress. Instead, the effect of flexibility was mediated by caregivers' criticism and family burden indicating an indirect effect on caregivers' psychological distress. These results apply equally to caregivers of first episode and chronic patients. Family interventions aiming to improve dysfunctional family interactions by promoting awareness of family dynamics could reduce the burden and improve the emotional well-being of family caregivers.

Family Functioning in First-Episode and Chronic Psychosis: The Role of Patient's Symptom Severity and Psychosocial Functioning.

The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between illness-related characteristics, such as symptom severity and psychosocial functioning, and specific aspects of family functioning both in patients experiencing their first episode of psychosis (FEP) and chronically ill patients. A total of 50 FEP and 50 chronic patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (most recent episode manic severe with psychotic features) and their family caregivers participated in the study. Family functioning was evaluated in terms of cohesion and flexibility (FACES IV Package), expressed emotion (FQ), family burden (FBS) and caregivers' psychological distress (GHQ-28). Patients' symptom severity (BPRS) and psychosocial functioning (GAS) were assessed by their treating psychiatrist within 2 weeks from the caregivers' assessment. Increased symptom severity was associated with greater dysfunction in terms of family cohesion and flexibility (ß coefficient -0.13; 95 % CI -0.23, -0.03), increased caregivers' EE levels on the form of emotional overinvolvement (ß coefficient 1.03; 95 % CI 0.02, 2.03), and psychological distress (ß coefficient 3.37; 95 % CI 1.29, 5.45). Family burden was found to be significantly related to both symptom severity (ß coefficient 3.01; 95 % CI 1.50, 4.51) and patient's functioning (ß coefficient -2.04; 95 % CI -3.55, -0.53). No significant interaction effect of chronicity was observed in the afore-mentioned associations. These findings indicate that severe psychopathology and patient's low psychosocial functioning are associated with poor family functioning. It appears that the effect for family function is significant from the early stages of the illness. Thus, early psychoeducational interventions should focus on patients with severe symptomatology and impaired functioning and their families.

Impaired family functioning in psychosis and its relevance to relapse: a two-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether dysfunctional family functioning contributes to relapse over a two-year follow-up period in patients experiencing their first episode of psychosis (FEP) and chronic patients with psychosis. METHODS: The sample consisted of 100 remitted patients (50 FEP and 50 chronic) diagnosed with schizophrenia (82%) or bipolar disorder with most recent episode manic severe with psychotic features (18%) recruited from the Inpatient Psychiatric Unit of the University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece, and their family caregivers. Family functioning was assessed in terms of cohesion and flexibility (FACES-IV), expressed emotion (FQ), family burden (FBS) and caregivers' psychological distress (GHQ-28). Relapse was defined as patient rehospitalisation due to acute psychotic exacerbation, while number, length, and type of hospitalisations were also evaluated. RESULTS: Dysfunctional family functioning in terms of cohesion and flexibility was not found to be a significant risk factor for relapse in psychosis. High expressed emotion, as indexed primarily by increased levels of criticism rather than emotional over-involvement, was associated with increased risk of relapse and shorter time to relapse (HR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.98, p=0.043). Similarly, high levels of family burden were related to shorter time to relapse (HR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.95, p=0.037), whereas there was no significant difference in survival curves based on caregivers' psychological distress. No significant interaction effect of illness chronicity was observed in the aforementioned associations. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight caregivers' criticism and burden of care as long-term predictors of the course of psychosis from the early stages of the illness and later on. In contrast, unbalanced levels of cohesion and flexibility in the family, as well as caregivers' high emotional over-involvement and psychological distress do not appear to be factors that contribute to patient relapse. Family psychoeducational interventions focusing at ameliorating caregivers' negativity toward the patient, and easing the burden of care should be considered as means in reducing relapse.

Identifying the socio-demographic and clinical determinants of family functioning in Greek patients with psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Studies on determinants affecting family functioning of patients with psychosis are still limited in Greece. AIM: The aim of this study was to describe the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with family functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Crete, Greece. METHODS: A total of 100 patients and their caregivers agreed to participate in the study. Family functioning was assessed in terms of cohesion, adaptability, communication and satisfaction dimensions (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale IV Package), expressed emotion (Family Questionnaire), family burden (Family Burden Scale) and caregivers' psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire-28). Multivariate linear regression models were implemented to examine the associations between each one of the family measures and different social and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: With regard to the caregivers' characteristics, gender, employment status, origin, residence, financial status, relation to the patient, contact with the patient and family structure were among the most significant determinants of family functioning. Also, patients' socio-demographic characteristics, including age, education, origin, residence and employment status, as well as illness-related factors, such as onset of mental illness, number of hospitalisations, last hospitalisation, longer hospitalisation and clinical diagnosis impacted intrafamilial relationships. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that a number of social and clinical factors contributed to the family environment of patients with psychosis. Identifying the determinants of family functioning in psychosis is instrumental in developing understandings regarding the factors which may contribute to the rehabilitation or relapse of the patient and the support required to strengthen positive family interactions.

Family functioning in families of first-episode psychosis patients as compared to chronic mentally ill patients and healthy controls.

The present study aimed to investigate possible differences in family environment among patients experiencing their First Episode of Psychosis (FEP), chronic patients and controls. Family cohesion and flexibility (FACES-IV) and psychological distress (GHQ-28) were evaluated in families of 50 FEP and 50 chronic patients, as well as 50 controls, whereas expressed emotion (FQ) and family burden (FBS) were assessed in families of FEP and chronic patients. Multivariable linear regression analysis, adjusted for confounders, indicated impaired cohesion and flexibility for families of FEP patients compared to controls, and lower scores for families of chronic patients compared to those of FEP patients. Caregivers of chronic patients scored significantly higher in criticism, and reported higher burden and psychological distress than those of FEP patients. Our findings suggest that unbalanced levels of cohesion and flexibility, high criticism and burden appeared to be the outcome of psychosis and not risk factors triggering the onset of the illness. Furthermore, emotional over-involvement both in terms of positive (i.e. concern) and negative behaviors (i.e. overprotection) is prevalent in Greek families. Psychoeducational interventions from the early stages of the illness should be considered to promote caregivers' awareness regarding the patients' illness, which in turn, may ameliorate dysfunctional family interactions.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Greek version of the Family Questionnaire for assessing expressed emotion.

Expressed emotion (EE) has proved to be an established factor in short-term relapse in schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the Family Questionnaire (FQ), a brief self-report questionnaire measuring the EE status of relatives of patients with schizophrenia in terms of criticism (CC) and emotional overinvolvement (EOI). The translated and adapted 20-item FQ was administered to 176 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Caregivers' burden (Family Burden Scale) and psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire-28) were also evaluated. The findings indicated that the Greek version displays a two-factor structure with two subscales of EE-CC and EOI-with 10 items each, similarly to the original version. The convergent validity of the subscales was highly supported by correlations with caregivers' burden and psychological distress. The Cronbach's α coefficient measuring internal consistency for the two scales were 0.90 for CC and 0.82 for EOI. The test-retest correlation coefficients measuring reproducibility were 0.99 and 0.98 for CC and EOI, respectively. The Greek version of the FQ appears to be a valid and reliable instrument to be used in both research and clinical assessment of family EE.

Family functioning in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review of the literature.

PURPOSE: The influential role of family in the outcome of chronic schizophrenia is well documented. However, there has been relatively little research on the intrafamilial relationships of people experiencing their first episode of psychosis (FEP), a point in time when most of the changes in family dynamics are observed. The aim of this article is to present a review of the literature focusing on the family environment of FEP patients. METHODS: We carried out a computerized literature search on MEDLINE and PsycINFO (1990-2013), and a manual search of references of pertinent articles. In total, 27 studies investigating expressed emotion (EE) and family burden (FB) in FEP were identified and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Similar to chronic patients, a high prevalence of high-EE in carers of FEP patients was reported. High-EE status appears to be independent of the patient's illness-related characteristics, but dependent of relatives' attributions. In contrast to chronic patients, low levels of FB and psychological distress among family members of FEP patients were observed indicating that in the early stages of the illness family involvement is not yet associated with significant disruption in their lives. Studies assessing FB in chronic patients have found a well-established link of FB with patient's illness-related factors, but in FEP patients the families' appraisal of FB is more closely associated with their coping mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies evaluating family functioning in terms of cohesion and adaptability will shed light on the intrafamilial relationships in FEP patients which may be associated with the long-term outcome of this chronic illness.