Patterns of tobacco or nicotine-based product use and their quitting behaviour among adults in India: a latent class analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to identify latent classes of adult tobacco or nicotine-based product users in India, compare their sociodemographic distribution and quitting behaviour and explore the association of quitting behaviour and time to first tobacco use with class membership. STUDY DESIGN: This was a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. METHODS: Data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016-2017 in India, which covered adults aged >15 years, were analysed. Latent class analysis was used to examine patterns of tobacco or nicotine-based product use (cigarette, bidi, cigar, e-cigarette, chewable tobacco and snuff) among current tobacco users. Classes were compared across sociodemographic and tobacco use-related characteristics. Various model fit statistics (Akaike, Bayesian and Sample Size-Adjusted Bayesian Information Criteria, Likelihood Ratio Tests and Entropy) and meaningfulness of the classes were used to select the number of latent classes. RESULTS: Of 21,857 current tobacco users, five latent classes were extracted: 'poly-tobacco use' (103, 0.5%), 'oral chewable products predominantly' (11,306, 51.7%), 'bidi predominantly' (4965, 22.7%), 'cigarette predominantly' (5318, 24.3%) and 'snuff and chewable products' (165, 0.8%). Significant differences between classes emerged on sociodemographics (age, sex, residence, education, wealth quintile, region). 'Bidi predominantly' class was associated with higher likelihood of quit attempts. Compared with 'cigarette predominantly' class, other classes were significantly associated with time to first tobacco use. CONCLUSION: We found that people in India could be grouped into five classes based on their tobacco or nicotine-based product use pattern. It may be efficient to tailor messages to different latent classes and address the distinct profiles of these groups of tobacco product users.

The clinical utility of cycle of threshold value of GeneXpert MTB/RIF (CBNAAT) and its diagnostic accuracy in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary samples at a tertiary care center in India.

BACKGROUND: There are knowledge gaps in the in-depth analysis of the most promising and robust diagnostic tool, GeneXpert MTB/RIF (CBNAAT). The cycle of threshold (CT) value of the CBNAAT test and its clinical implications has not been explored much. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The study aimed at (a) estimating the diagnostic accuracy and incremental yield of Xpert MTB/RIF in various specimens (b) establishing the association between CT value category (high, medium, low, very low) and culture time-to-positivity (TTP). METHODS: A total of 1000 samples, both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary were collected from presumptive TB cases in a large tertiary care hospital. Sensitivity and specificity of CBNAAT was calculated with culture as the gold standard. The association of CT value with culture TTP was also studied. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity of CBNAAT was 88.5%, with bronchial washing specimen being the most sensitive (92.3%) and pleural fluid being the least (66.7%). In smear negative individuals, the sensitivity of CBNAAT was 80.9%. The additional yield of CBNAAT over smear microscopy was 10.9%. It was observed that as we move from high to very low CT category, culture positivity decreases significantly (p<0.001), whereas time taken for culture growth increases (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: CBNAAT is a robust test for accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary, smear negative as well, especially in resource-limited settings. The correlation between CT value and culture TTP has potential in predicting bacillary load, though further studies are required.

Tuberculosis-tobacco integration in the South-East Asia Region: policy analysis and implementation framework.

SETTING: Despite overwhelming evidence for the association between tuberculosis (TB) and tobacco use, it remains neglected in the context of policy, planning and practice. There is limited evidence about the extent of integration of TB and tobacco control programmes in South-East Asia Region (SEAR) countries. OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of TB-tobacco integration in 11 SEAR countries. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire addressed to TB and tobacco focal points at the World Health Organization Country Offices. RESULTS: Apart from India, no country in the SEAR has a formal coordination mechanism for national TB and tobacco control programmes or a system of referral for tobacco users among TB patients for treatment of tobacco dependence. There is no joint planning, joint training or joint supervision and monitoring in any country. CONCLUSION: There is poor integration between TB and tobacco control programmes in most SEAR countries. This assessment fed into the development of a regional framework for TB-tobacco integration, which outlines three strategies: 1) integrated patient-centred care and prevention; 2) joint TB tobacco actions covering policy development, planning, training and monitoring; and 3) research and innovation. Every country in the region should adopt the TB-tobacco integration framework to improve programme performance.

Osteonecrosis of the Jaw among Patients Receiving Antiresorptive Medication: A 4-year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Cancer Center, Kerala, India.

PURPOSE: Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a rare but complicated side effect of antiresorptive medications. The aim of the study is to evaluate the dental and drug-related factors related to ONJ among patients on these drugs at a tertiary cancer center, India. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective record review of patients who received antiresorptive medication at our center from 2011 to 2014 was done. The demographic factors, type, dosage, and duration of the medication and dental history were collected, and the data were entered an analyzed using Epidata software. RESULTS: A higher incidence of ONJ (8.1%) was noted in our sample (n = 183). Dental intervention after zoledronic acid (ZA) administration showed a statistical significance (P < 0.001). No significance (P value) was noted with respect to sex (0.78), age (0.28), median duration (0.9), and median dosage (0.9) of ZA. CONCLUSION: Oro-dental screening and dental monitoring shall reduce the incidence of ONJ. Within the limitations of our study, no significant relation could be pointed toward the dosage and duration of the drug and development of ONJ.

Cost of injury care in India: cross-sectional analysis of National Sample Survey 2014.

BACKGROUND: Injuries account for nearly 10% of total deaths in India and this burden is likely to rise. We aimed to estimate the out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure and catastrophic expenditure due to hospitalisation or outpatient care as a result of any injury and factors associated with incurring catastrophic expenditure. METHODS: Secondary analysis of nationally representative data for India collected by National Sample Survey Organization in 2014, reporting on health service utilisation and healthcare-related OOP expenditure by income quintiles and by type of health facility (public or private). RESULTS: The median expenditure per episode of hospitalisation due to any injury was US$156, and it was three times higher among the richest quintile compared with the poorest quintile (p<0.001). There was a significantly higher prevalence (p<0.001) of catastrophic expenditure among the poorest quintile (32%) compared with the richest (21%). Mean private sector OOP hospitalisation expenditure was five times higher than in the public sector (p<0.001). Medicines accounted for 37% and 58% of public sector hospitalisation and outpatient care, respectively. Patients treated in a private facility, hospitalised for over 7 days, in the poorest wealth quintiles and of general caste had higher odds of incurring catastrophic expenditure. CONCLUSION: People who sustain an injury have a high risk of catastrophic household expenditure, particularly for those in lowest income quartiles. There is a clear need for publicly funded risk protection mechanisms targeting the poor. Promotion of generic medicines and subsidisation for the poorest wealth quintile may also reduce OOP expenditure in public sector facilities.

Ten tips to improve the visibility and dissemination of research for policy makers and practitioners.

Effective dissemination of evidence is important in bridging the gap between research and policy. In this paper, we list 10 approaches for improving the visibility of research findings, which in turn will hopefully contribute towards changes in policy. Current approaches include using social media (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn); sharing podcasts and other research outputs such as conference papers, posters, presentations, reports, protocols, preprint copy and research data (figshare, Zenodo, Slideshare, Scribd); and using personal blogs and unique author identifiers (ORCID, ResearcherID). Researchers and funders could consider drawing up a systematic plan for dissemination of research during the stage of protocol development.

Une dissémination efficace des résultats de recherche est cruciale pour combler le fossé qui existe entre la recherche et la politique de santé, ainsi que sa mise en œuvre. Dans cet article, nous énumérons 10 approches visant à améliorer la visibilité des résultats de la recherche qui vont, si tout va bien, à leur tour contribuer au changement en matière de politique. Les approches actuelles incluent le recours aux réseaux sociaux (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn), le partage de podcasts et d'autres résultats de recherche comme des documents de conférences, des affiches, des présentations, des rapports, des protocoles, des photocopies, des données de recherche (figshare, Zenodo, Slideshare, Scribd), l'utilisation d'un blog personnel et un identifiant unique de l'auteur (ORCID, ResearcherID). Les chercheurs et les financeurs pourraient envisager d'ébaucher un plan systématique de dissémination de la recherche dès l'élaboration du protocole.

Es importante lograr una difusión eficaz de las pruebas científicas, con el objeto de superar la brecha que existe entre la investigación y las políticas y las prácticas. En el presente artículo se mencionan diez enfoques que mejoran la visibilidad de los resultados de las investigaciones, con la intención de que contribuyan a su vez a la modificación de las políticas. Las estrategias vigentes incluyen la utilización de las redes sociales (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn), el intercambio de las redifusiones multimedia (podcasts) y de otros productos de las investigaciones como son los artículos, los afiches, las presentaciones en las conferencias, los informes, los protocolos, los manuscritos antes de su publicación, los datos de investigación (figshare, Zenodo, Slideshare, Scribd) y la utilización de bitácoras personales (blogs) y de los identificadores únicos de los investigadores (ORCID, ResearcherID). Los investigadores y las instituciones patrocinadoras deben procurar la elaboración de un plan sistemático de difusión de las investigaciones durante la etapa de preparación del protocolo.

Predictors of unfavourable treatment outcome in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in India.

Setting: India has one of the highest global rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), which is associated with poor treatment outcomes. A better understanding of the risk factors for unfavourable outcomes is needed. Objectives: To describe 1) the demographic and clinical characteristics of MDR-TB patients registered in three states of India during 2009-2011, 2) treatment outcomes, and 3) factors associated with unfavourable outcomes. Design: A retrospective cohort study involving a record review of registered MDR-TB patients. Results: Of 788 patients, 68% were male, 70% were aged 15-44 years, 90% had failed previous anti-tuberculosis treatment or were retreatment smear-positive, 60% had a body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2 and 72% had additional resistance to streptomycin and/or ethambutol. The median time from sputum collection to the start of MDR-TB treatment was 128 days (IQR 103-173). Unfavourable outcomes occurred in 40% of the patients, mostly from death or loss to follow-up. Factors significantly associated with unfavourable outcomes included male sex, age ⩾ 45 years, being underweight and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Adverse drug reactions were reported in 24% of patients, with gastrointestinal disturbance, psychiatric morbidity and ototoxicity the most common. Conclusion: Long delays from sputum collection to treatment initiation using conventional methods, along with poor treatment outcomes, suggest the need to scale up rapid diagnostic tests and shorter regimens for MDR-TB.

Contexte : L'Inde a l'un des taux les plus élevés au monde de tuberculose multirésistante (TB-MDR), qui est associée à des résultats médiocres du traitement. Une meilleure compréhension des facteurs de risque de résultats défavorables est requise.Objectifs : Décrire : 1) les caractéristiques démographiques et cliniques des patients TB-MDR enregistrés dans trois états d'Inde de 2009 à 2011, 2) les résultats du traitement, et 3) les facteurs associés à des résultats défavorables.Schéma : Une étude de cohorte rétrospective impliquant une revue des dossiers des patients TB-MDR enregistrés.Résultats : Il y a eu 788 patients, dont 68% d'hommes, 70% âgés de 15­44 ans, 90% ayant eu un échec de leur traitement anti-tuberculose précédent ou ayant un frottis positif en retraitement, 60% ayant un index de masse corporelle < 18,5 kg/m2 et 72% ayant en plus une résistance à la streptomycine et/ou à l'éthambutol. Le délai médian entre le recueil de crachats et la mise en route du traitement de la TB-MDR a été de 128 jours (IQR 103­173). Les résultats ont été défavorables pour 40% des patients, en majorité des décès ou des pertes de vue. Les facteurs significativement associés à un résultat défavorable ont inclus le sexe masculin, l'âge ⩾ 45 ans, la maigreur et le fait d'être positif pour le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine. Des effets secondaires des médicaments ont été notés dans 24% des cas, avec des troubles gastro-intestinaux, des problèmes psychiatriques et une ototoxicité comme symptômes les plus fréquents.Conclusion : De longs délais entre le recueil de crachats et la mise en route du traitement basé sur des méthodes conventionnelles et des résultats médiocres du traitement signalent la nécessité d'intensifier la mise en œuvre des tests de diagnostic rapide et des protocoles de traitement court de la TB-MDR.

Marco de referencia: La tasa de tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR) en la India es una de las tasas más altas en el mundo y se asocia con desenlaces terapéuticos desfavorables. Es preciso lograr un mejor conocimiento de los factores de riesgo que determinan la ineficacia del tratamiento.Objetivos: 1) Describir las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con TB-MDR registrados en tres estados de la India del 2009 al 2011; 2) analizar los desenlaces terapéuticos; y 3) describir los factores asociados con los resultados desfavorables del tratamiento.Método: Un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes a partir del análisis de las historias clínicas de los pacientes registrados con diagnóstico de TB-MDR.Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 788 pacientes; el 68% era de sexo masculino, en el 70% la edad estaba comprendida entre 15 años y 44 años, el 90% tenía antecedente de fracaso de un tratamiento antituberculoso o estaba en retratamiento con baciloscopia positiva, el índice de masa corporal era inferior a 18,5 en el 60% de los casos y el 72% presentaba resistencia adicional a estreptomicina, etambutol o ambos. La mediana del lapso entre la recogida de la muestra de esputo y el comienzo del tratamiento de la TB-MDR fue 128 días (intervalo intercuartil 103­173). Se observaron desenlaces desfavorables en 40% de los pacientes y consistieron en su mayoría en defunciones o pérdidas durante el seguimiento. Los factores que se asociaron de manera significativa con estos desenlaces fueron el sexo masculino, la edad ⩾ 45 años, el bajo peso y la serología positiva frente del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Se notificaron reacciones adversas a los medicamentos en el 24% de los casos, de las cuales las más frecuentes fueron los trastornos gastrointestinales, las afecciones psiquiátricas y la ototoxicidad.Conclusión: La observación de plazos prolongados entre la recogida de las muestras de esputo y la iniciación del tratamiento cuando se utilizan los medios diagnósticos corrientes y de desenlaces terapéuticos desfavorables destaca la necesidad de ampliar la escala de aplicación de las pruebas rápidas de diagnóstico y la administración de pautas más cortas de tratamiento de la TB-MDR.

Data collection using open access technology in multicentre operational research involving patient interviews.

Conducting multicentre operational research is challenging due to issues related to the logistics of travel, training, supervision, monitoring and troubleshooting support. This is even more burdensome in resource-constrained settings and if the research includes patient interviews. In this article, we describe an innovative model that uses open access tools such as Dropbox, TeamViewer and CamScanner for efficient, quality-assured data collection in an ongoing multicentre operational research study involving record review and patient interviews. The tools used for data collection have been shared for adaptation and use by other researchers.

Conduire des recherches opérationnelles multicentriques est un défi, particulièrement dans les contextes de ressources limitées, en tenant compte des questions de logistique de déplacement, de formation, de supervision, de suivi et de soutien à la résolution des problèmes; encore plus si cette recherche implique des entretiens avec des patients. Dans cet article, nous décrivons un modèle innovant qui utilise des outils à accès ouvert comme Dropbox, TeamViewer et CamScanner pour un recueil de données efficace et de qualité assurée dans le cadre d'une recherche opérationnelle continue multicentrique impliquant des revues de dossiers et des entretiens avec des patients. Les outils utilisés pour le recueil de données ont été partagés pour l'adaptation et l'utilisation par d'autres chercheurs.

La realización de investigaciones operativas multicéntricas puede ser problemática, sobre todo en los entornos con restricción de los recursos, habida cuenta de las dificultades en la organización de los desplazamientos, la capacitación, la supervisión, el seguimiento y el apoyo a la resolución de problemas; más aun, cuando la investigación precisa entrevistas a los pacientes. En el presente artículo se describe un modelo innovador que utiliza herramientas de libre acceso como las plataformas Dropbox, TeamViewer y CamScanner, con el fin de lograr una obtención de datos eficiente y de calidad garantizada, en una investigación operativa multicéntrica en curso que comporta el examen de las historias clínicas y entrevistas a los pacientes. Se comunican las herramientas utilizadas en la recogida de datos, con la finalidad de que otros investigadores puedan adaptarlas y las apliquen.

Cost of hospitalisation for non-communicable diseases in India: are we pro-poor?

OBJECTIVES: To estimate out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure due to hospitalisation from NCDs and its impact on households in India. METHODS: The study analysed nationwide representative data collected by the National Sample Survey Organisation in 2014 that reported health service utilisation and healthcare-related OOP expenditure by income quintiles and by type of health facility (public or private). The recall period for inpatient hospitalisation expenditure was 365 days. Consumption expenditure was collected for a recall period of 1 month. OOP expenditure amounting to >10% of annual consumption expenditure was termed as catastrophic. Weighted analysis was performed. RESULTS: The median expenditure per episode of hospitalisation due to NCDs was USD 149 - this was ~3 times higher among the richest quintile compared to poorest quintile. There was a significantly higher prevalence of catastrophic expenditure among the poorest quintile, more so for cancers (85%), psychiatric and neurological disorders (63%) and injuries (63%). Mean private-sector OOP hospitalisation expenditure was nearly five times higher than that in the public sector. Medicines accounted for 40% and 27% of public- and private-sector OOP hospitalisation expenditure, respectively. CONCLUSION: Strengthening of public health facilities is required at community level for the prevention, control and management of NCDs. Promotion of generic medicines, better availability of essential drugs and possible subsidisation for the poorest quintile will be measures to consider to reduce OOP expenditure in public-sector facilities.

Does research through Structured Operational Research and Training (SORT IT) courses impact policy and practice?

SETTING: Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT) courses are well known for their output, with nearly 90% of participants completing the course and publishing in scientific journals. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the impact of research papers on policy and practice that resulted from six SORT IT courses initiated between July 2012 and March 2013. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study involving e-mail-based, self-administered questionnaires and telephone/skype/in-person responses from first and/or senior co-authors of course papers. A descriptive content analysis of the responses was performed and categorised into themes. RESULTS: Of 72 participants, 63 (88%) completed the course. Course output included 81 submitted papers, of which 76 (94%) were published. Of the 81 papers assessed, 45 (55%) contributed to a change in policy and/or practice: 29 contributed to government policy/practice change (20 at national, 4 at subnational and 5 at hospital level), 11 to non-government organisational policy change and 5 to reinforcing existing policy. The changes ranged from modifications of monitoring and evaluation tools, to redrafting of national guidelines, to scaling up existing policies. CONCLUSION: More than half of the SORT IT course papers contributed to a change in policy and/or practice. Future assessments should include more robust and independent verification of the reported change(s) with all stakeholders.

Contexte : Les cours de l'Initiative de Recherche et de Formation Structurées Opérationnelles (SORT IT) sont bien connus pour leurs bons résultats : près de 90% des participants terminent le cours et publient dans des revues scientifiques.Objectif : Evaluer l'impact sur la politique/les pratiques de ces articles de recherche qui ont été le résultat de six cours SORT IT initiés entre juillet 2012 et mars 2013.Schéma : Une étude transversale impliquant des questionnaires auto-administrés envoyés par courriel et des réponses par téléphone/skype/en personne des auteurs principaux et/ou des co-auteurs des articles liés au cours. Une analyse descriptive du contenu des réponses a été réalisée et catégorisée par thèmes.Résultats : Sur 72 participants, 63 (88%) ont terminé le cours. Les résultats du cours ont inclus 81 articles soumis, dont 76 (94%) ont été publiés. Sur les 81 articles publiés évalués, 45 (55%) ont contribué à une modification de la politique et/ou des pratiques : 29 articles ont contribué à une modification de la politique/des pratiques par le gouvernement (20 au niveau national, 4 au niveau sous-national et 5 au niveau hospitalier), 11 à des modifications de politique d'organisations non gouvernementales et cinq à un renforcement de la politique existante. Ces changements allaient de modifications des outils de suivi et d'évaluation à une nouvelle rédaction des directives nationales et à une accélération des politiques existantes.Conclusion : Plus de la moitié des articles du cours SORT IT ont contribué à une modification de la politique et/ou des pratiques. Les évaluations futures devraient inclure des vérifications plus solides et indépendantes des modifications rapportées avec toutes les parties concernées afin d'améliorer leur rigueur et leur richesse.

Marco de referencia: Los cursos de capacitación de la Iniciativa de Capacitación Estructurada en Investigación Operativa (SORT IT, por su sigla en inglés) se conocen ampliamente gracias a sus resultados, pues cerca de 90% de los participantes completa el curso y publica artículos en revistas científicas.Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto sobre las políticas y las prácticas de los artículos de investigación producidos en seis cursos SORT IT iniciados de julio del 2012 a marzo del 2013.Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados por correo electrónico y respuestas directas mediante comunicaciones telefónicas y por Skype, que se dirigieron al primer autor y a los coautores experimentados de los artículos publicados después de los cursos; se realizó un análisis de contenido de tipo descriptivo de las respuestas con el fin de derivar los temas.Resultados: De los 72 participantes, 63 completaron el curso (88%). Se produjeron 81 artículos que se presentaron para publicación y 76 fueron aceptados (94%). De los 81 artículos evaluados, 45 contribuyeron a modificar las políticas o las prácticas (55%) de la siguiente manera: 29 contribuyeron a un cambio en las políticas o prácticas gubernamentales (20 a escala nacional, 4 a escala subnacional y 5 a nivel hospitalario), 11 favorecieron cambios de políticas en organizaciones no gubernamentales y cinco fortalecieron políticas existentes. Las modificaciones abarcaron aspectos variados desde las herramientas de supervisión y evaluación, hasta la reformulación de directrices nacionales destinadas a la ampliación de escala de las políticas existentes.Conclusión: Más de la mitad de los artículos elaborados en los cursos SORT IT contribuyó a una modificación en las políticas o las prácticas. Las evaluaciones futuras deberán comportar mecanismos de verificación de los cambios notificados que sean más sólidos e independientes, con participación de todos los interesados directos a fin de reforzar su rigor y enriquecer su contenido.

Is Mid-upper Arm Circumference Alone Sufficient to Identify Severe Acute Malnutrition Correctly?

Anthropometric data of 2466 children in Haryana revealed low sensitivity (6.9%) and positive predictive value (14.3%) of Mid-upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) at 115 mm cut-off for identifying Severe acute malnutrition (SAM). This raises concerns regarding the reliability of MUAC as a screening tool to identify SAM at the community-level.

MDR-TB in Puducherry, India: reduction in attrition and turnaround time in the diagnosis and treatment pathway.

Setting: A mixed-methods operational research (OR) study was conducted to examine the diagnosis and treatment pathway of patients with presumptive multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) during 2012-2013 under the national TB programme in Puducherry, India. High pre-diagnosis and pre-treatment attrition and the reasons for these were identified. The recommendations from this OR were implemented and we planned to assess systematically whether there were any improvements. Objectives: Among patients with presumptive MDR-TB (July-December 2014), 1) to determine pre-diagnosis and pre-treatment attrition, 2) to determine factors associated with pre-diagnosis attrition, 3) to determine the turnaround time (TAT) from eligibility to testing and from diagnosis to treatment initiation, and 4) to compare these findings with those of the previous study (2012-2013). Design: This was a retrospective cohort study based on record review. Results: Compared to the previous study, there was a decrease in pre-diagnosis attrition from 45% to 24% (P < 0.001), in pre-treatment attrition from 29% to 0% (P = 0.18), in the TAT from eligibility to testing from a median of 11 days to 10 days (P = 0.89) and in the TAT from diagnosis to treatment initiation from a median of 38 days to 19 days (P = 0.04). There is further scope for reducing pre-diagnosis attrition by addressing the high risk of patients with human immunodeficiency virus and TB co-infection or those with extra-pulmonary TB not undergoing drug susceptibility testing. Conclusion: The implementation of findings from OR resulted in improved programme outcomes.

Contexte : Une recherche opérationnelle basée sur un mélange de méthodes a été réalisée afin d'étudier le parcours de diagnostic et de traitement des patients atteints d'une tuberculose multirésistante (TB-MDR) présumée (2012­2013) dans le cadre du programme national TB, à Pondichéry, Inde. Nous avons identifié une attrition avant le diagnostic et avant le traitement, ainsi que les raisons de ce problème. Les recommandations de cette recherche opérationnelle ont été mises en œuvre et nous avons prévu d'évaluer systématiquement s'il y avait une amélioration.Objectifs : Parmi les patients présumés atteints de TB-MDR (juillet­décembre 2014), 1) déterminer l'attrition pré-diagnostic et pré-traitement ; 2) déterminer les facteurs associés à l'attrition pré diagnostic ; 3) déterminer le délai depuis l'éligibilité jusqu'au test et du diagnostic à la mise en route du traitement ; et 4) comparer ces résultats à l'étude précédente.Schéma : Etude de cohorte rétrospective impliquant une revue des dossiers.Résultats : Par comparaison aux études précédentes, il y a eu une réduction de l'attrition pré-diagnostique de 45% à 24% (P < 0,001), une attrition pré-traitement de 29% à 0% (P = 0,18), un délai entre l'éligibilité au test d'une médiane de 11 jours contre 10 jours (P = 0,89) et un délai entre le diagnostic et la mise en route du traitement d'une médiane de 38 jours contre 19 jours (P = 0,04). Il y a des perspectives supplémentaires de réduction de l'attrition avant le diagnostic en ciblant les patients à risque de ne pas être testés parmi ceux atteints de TB et le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine et de TB extra-pulmonaire.Conclusion : La mise en œuvre des résultats de la recherche opérationnelle a eu pour résultat une amélioration des résultats du programme.

Marco de referencia: Se llevó a cabo una intervención de investigación operativa con métodos mixtos, con el fin de estudiar la trayectoria del diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los pacientes con presunción clínica de tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR) en el 2012 y 2013 en el contexto del Programa Nacional contra la Tuberculosis de Puducherry, en la India. Se detectaron altas proporciones de abandono antes del diagnóstico y antes de comenzar el tratamiento y se analizaron sus causas. Las recomendaciones de esta investigación operativa se pusieron en práctica y en el presente estudio se prevé una evaluación sistemática que permita valorar si se logró algún progreso.Objetivos: Analizar los siguientes resultados en los pacientes con presunción clínica de TB-MDR (de julio a diciembre del 2014): 1) si ocurrió abandono antes del diagnóstico o del tratamiento; 2) si existieron factores asociados con el abandono antes de definir el diagnóstico; 3) el lapso necesario entre el momento de la presunción clínica hasta la realización de las pruebas diagnósticas y desde la definición del diagnóstico hasta el comienzo del tratamiento; y 4) comparar estos resultados con los datos del estudio anterior.Método: Fue este un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes, con análisis de las historias clínicas.Resultados: En comparación con el estudio anterior, se observó una disminución del abandono antes del diagnóstico de 45% a 24% (P < 0,001) y antes del comienzo del tratamiento de 29% a 0% (P = 0,18); se redujo el lapso entre la presunción clínica y la práctica de las pruebas diagnósticas una mediana de 11 días a 10 días (P = 0,89) y también el lapso entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento una mediana de 38 días a 19 días (P = 0,04). Existe aun margen para una mayor disminución de los abandonos anteriores al diagnóstico, si se aborda el alto riesgo de no practicar las pruebas diagnósticas a los pacientes coinfectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y la TB y a los pacientes con TB extrapulmonar.Conclusion: La aplicación de los resultados de la investigación operativa tuvo como consecuencia un progreso en los resultados del programa.

MDR-TB screening in a setting with molecular diagnostic techniques: who got tested, who didn't and why?

SETTING: The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Puducherry, India, which has facilities for molecular diagnostic technique. OBJECTIVE: To determine pre-diagnostic and pre-treatment attrition among presumptive multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients and reasons for attrition. METHODS: In this mixed-methods study, the quantitative component consisted of retrospective cohort analysis through record review of all presumptive MDR-TB patients recorded between October 2012 and September 2013. The qualitative component included in-depth interviews with key informants involved in programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis services. RESULTS: Of 341 eligible presumptive MDR-TB patients, pre-diagnostic and pre-treatment attrition was respectively 45.5% (155/341) and 29% (2/7). Patients with extra-pulmonary TB (RR = 2.3), those with human immuno-deficiency and TB co-infection (RR = 1.7), those registered during October-December 2012 (RR = 1.3) and those identified from primary/secondary health centres (RR = 1.8) were less likely to be tested. Themes that emerged during the analysis of the qualitative data were 'lack of a systematic mechanism to track referrals for culture and drug susceptibility testing', 'absence of courier service to transport sputum', 'lack of knowledge and ownership among staff of general health system', 'shortage of diagnostic kits' and 'patient non-adherence'. CONCLUSION: Despite the introduction of molecular diagnostic techniques, operational issues in MDR-TB screening remain a concern and require urgent attention.

Contexte : Programme national révisé de Lutte contre la Tuberculose, Pondichéry, Inde, avec une structure de techniques de diagnostic moléculaire.Objectif : Déterminer l'abandon préalable au diagnostic et préalable au traitement et leurs raisons parmi des patients présumés atteints de tuberculose multirésistante (TB-MDR).Méthodes : Dans cette étude utilisant plusieurs méthodes, l'élément quantitatif consistait en une analyse de cohorte rétrospective, grâce à une revue de dossiers, de tous les patients présumés atteints de TB-MDR entre octobre 2012 et septembre 2013. L'élément qualitatif incluait des entretiens approfondis avec des informateurs clés impliqués dans la gestion programmatique des services de TB pharmacorésistante.Résultats : Sur 341 patients présumés TB-MDR éligibles, le taux d'abandon avant le diagnostic et avant le traitement a été de 45,5% (155/341) et 29% (2/7), respectivement. Les patients atteints de TB extra-pulmonaire (RR = 2,3), de coïnfection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine et TB (RR = 1,7), inscrits entre octobre et décembre 2012 (RR = 1,3) et identifiés à partir de centres de santé primaires/secondaires (RR = 1,8) avaient moins de chances d'être testés. Les thèmes qui ont émergé lors de l'analyse des données qualitatives ont été « l'absence d'un mécanisme systématique de suivi des patients référés pour culture et test de pharmaco sensibilité ¼, « l'absence de services de coursier pour transporter les crachats ¼, « le manque de connaissances et d'appropriation du personnel de santé en général ¼, « les ruptures de stock de kits de diagnostic ¼ et « la non-adhérence du patient ¼.Conclusion : En dépit de l'introduction de techniques de diagnostic moléculaire, les problèmes opérationnels de dépistage de la TB-MDR restent préoccupants et requièrent une attention urgente.

Marco de referencia: El Programa Nacional Revisado contra la Tuberculosis en Pondicherry, en la India, cuenta con capacidad técnica para realizar pruebas diagnósticas moleculares.Objetivo: Determinar las tasas de abandono anterior al diagnóstico y antes de comenzar el tratamiento y analizar sus causas, en pacientes con presunción clínica de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TB-MDR).Método: En el presente estudio se utilizaron métodos mixtos; el componente cuantitativo consistió en un análisis retrospectivo de cohortes, a partir de los expedientes de todos los pacientes atendidos con presunción diagnóstica de TB-MDR entre octubre del 2012 y septiembre del 2013. El componente cualitativo incluyó entrevistas exhaustivas a informantes clave que participaban en la gestión programática de los servicios de tuberculosis farmacorresistente.Resultados: En los 341 pacientes con presunción diagnóstica de TB-MDR, que cumplían las condiciones del estudio, se observó una tasa de abandono anterior al diagnóstico del 45,5% (155/341) y un abandono anterior al comienzo del tratamiento del 29% (2/7). Fue menos probable que se practicaran las pruebas diagnósticas en los pacientes con TB extrapulmonar (RR = 2,3), coinfección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y TB (RR = 1,7), en los pacientes registrados de octubre a diciembre del 2012 (RR = 1,3) y los pacientes detectados en un centro de atención primaria o secundaria (RR = 1,8). Los aspectos que surgieron durante el análisis cualitativo fueron 'la falta de un mecanismo sistemático de seguimiento de los pacientes remitidos para cultivo y pruebas de sensibilidad a los medicamentos', 'la ausencia de un servicio de mensajería que transporte las muestras de esputo', 'la falta de conocimientos y de apropiación del trabajo en los miembros del personal del sistema de salud general', 'el desabastecimiento de los estuches diagnósticos' y 'el incumplimiento por parte de los pacientes'.Conclusión: Pese a la introducción de las técnicas de diagnóstico molecular, persisten dificultades operativas en la detección de la TB-MDR que precisan atención urgente.

Follow-up examinations: are multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Uttar Pradesh, India, on track?

SETTING: All multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients who had completed 6 months of treatment under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in Uttar Pradesh, the largest state in northern India. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of MDR-TB patients with regular follow-up examinations, and underlying provider and patient perspectives of follow-up services. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken involving record reviews of 64 eligible MDR-TB patients registered during April-June 2013 in 11 districts of the state. Patients and programme personnel from the selected districts were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 34 (53.1%) patients underwent follow-up sputum culture at month 3, 43 (67.2%) at month 4, 36 (56.3%) at month 5 and 37 (57.8%) at month 6. Themes associated with irregular follow-up that emerged from the interviews were multiple visits, long travel distances, shortages of equipment at the facility and lack of knowledge among patients regarding the follow-up schedule. CONCLUSION: The majority of the MDR-TB patients had irregular follow-up visits. Provider-related factors outweigh patient-related factors on the poor follow-up examinations. The programme should focus on the decentralisation of follow-up services and ensure logistics and patient-centred counselling to improve the regularisation of follow up.

Contexte : Tous les patients atteints de tuberculose multirésistante (TB-MDR) qui avaient achevé 6 mois de traitement dans le cadre du Programme National Révisé de Lutte contre la Tuberculose (RNTCP) dans l'Uttar Pradesh, le plus grand état dans le nord de l'Inde.Objectif : Déterminer la proportion de patients TB-MDR bénéficiant d'examens de suivi régulier et la vision des prestataires et des patients sur ces services de suivi.Méthodes : Une étude rétrospective de cohorte a été réalisée grâce à la revue des dossiers de 64 patients TB-MDR éligibles enregistrés entre avril et juin 2013 dans 11 districts de l'état. Les patients et le personnel du RNTCP des districts sélectionnés ont également été interviewés grâce à un questionnaire semi-structuré.Résultats : Au total, 34 (53,1%) patients ont bénéficié d'examens de culture de crachats au 3e mois, 43 (67,2%) au 4e mois, 36 (56,3%) au 5e mois et 37 (57,8%) au 6e mois. Les principaux facteurs associés à un suivi irrégulier émanant des entretiens étaient le nombre élevé de consultations, la distance à parcourir, les ruptures de stock dans les structures et le manque de connaissances des patients vis-à-vis du programme de suivi.Conclusion : La majorité des patients TB-MDR ont eu un suivi irrégulier. Les facteurs liés aux prestataires dépassent ceux liés aux patients en matière d'examens de suivi médiocres. Le RNTCP devrait se concentrer sur la décentralisation des services de suivi, assurer la logistique et le conseil centré sur le patient afin d'accroitre la régularité du suivi.

Marco de referencia: Todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TB-MDR) después de haber completado los 6 meses de tratamiento en el contexto del Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis (RNTCP) en Uttar Pradesh, la provincia más grande del norte de la India.Objetivo: Determinar la proporción de pacientes con TB-MDR en quienes se practicaron exámenes periódicos de seguimiento y conocer las opiniones de los profesionales y de los pacientes sobre los servicios de seguimiento.Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo a partir del examen de las historias clínicas de 64 pacientes con diagnóstico de TB-MDR, que cumplían con los requisitos de inclusión, registrados entre abril y junio del 2013 en 11 distritos del estado. Se realizaron además entrevistas a los pacientes y al personal del RNTCP de algunos distritos mediante un cuestionario semi-estructurado.Resultados: En 34 pacientes se practicó el seguimiento del cultivo de esputo al tercer mes (53,1%), en 43 casos al cuarto mes (67,2%), en 36 al quinto mes (56,3%) y en 37 pacientes al sexto mes de tratamiento (57,8%). Los principales factores asociados con la irregularidad del seguimiento que revelaron las entrevistas fueron la multiplicidad de las citas, la larga distancia de los desplazamientos, la carencia de insumos en los centros y el desconocimiento del calendario del seguimiento por parte de los pacientes.Conclusión: El seguimiento de la mayoría de los pacientes con diagnóstico de TB-MDR fue irregular. En las causas de la deficiencia del seguimiento predominaron los factores dependientes de los profesionales en comparación con los factores propios a los pacientes. El RNTCP debe considerar seriamente la descentralización de los servicios de seguimiento, suministrarlos materiales necesarios y proveer una orientación centrada en los pacientes con el objeto de mejorar la regularidad de los seguimientos.

Impact of modular training on tobacco control on the knowledge of health workers in two jurisdictions of northern India.

BACKGROUND: National Tobacco Control Programme was launched in India in year 2007-08. It was realized that community health workers can play an important role of agents for positive change to bring down the tobacco morbidity and mortality in the country. Keeping this in view, a health worker guide was developed by the Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (GOI) in collaboration with The Union South-East Asia (The Union) in the year 2010. The guide provides the information needed by the most basic level of health workers to effectively address the problem of tobacco use in the community. A modular training was conducted in two jurisdictions in India (namely, Chandigarh and Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh)) to assess the usefulness of the guide as training material for community health workers in undertaking tobacco control activities at community and village levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 271 participants were trained, which included 133 from Chandigarh and 138 from Hamirpur. The pre and post-training assessment of knowledge of health worker was done. RESULTS: There was marked increase in post-test scores as compared to the pretest scores. The health workers scoring more than 60% increased from 40% in the pretest to over 80% in the post-test. Only three workers had a post-test score of less than 30% against 54 workers in the pretest. CONCLUSION: The understanding on tobacco control had increased significantly after the training in each group. It is strongly recommended that such training should be replicated to all community health workers across all the states in India.

Is physical access an impediment to tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment? A study from a rural district in North India.

SETTING: All designated microscopy centres (DMCs) in Fatehgarh Sahib District, Punjab, India. OBJECTIVE: To study the association of distance (physical access) to DMCs with loss to follow-up (LTFU) of presumptive tuberculosis (TB) cases while undergoing diagnostic sputum examination and failure to initiate treatment among smear-positive TB patients after diagnosis. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, record-based study was undertaken to analyse patient records from routine laboratory registers in all DMCs from January to June 2012. RESULT: More than 50% of presumptive TB cases had to travel >7 km to reach the DMC, totalling >28 km for two sputum examinations for the evaluation of an episode. The distance (>10 km) to the diagnostic facility was found to be significantly associated (P < 0.01), both with LTFU during diagnosis and with a delay (>7 days) in initiating treatment after diagnosis. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.7) between distance to the DMC and time to initiate treatment among smear-positive TB cases. CONCLUSION: Distance from the nearest facility represents a significant risk for LTFU during diagnosis and delayed initiation of treatment after diagnosis. Further decentralisation of TB care services to the community level is required by expanding the network of DMCs or by organising sputum collection and transportation.