ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mild chronic anemia following heart transplantation (HTX), with hemoglobin (Hb) values of 10-14 g/dL in men and 10-12 g/dL in women, is frequent. It has continued to be of uncertain etiology yet clinical relevance. Nonetheless, therapeutic immunosuppression has been regarded as a major cause of chronic anemia in HTX patients. METHODS: Sixty outpatients were observed over a period of 5 yr after HTX. Laboratory values related to anemia such as Hb, erythropoietin (EPO), ferritin, transferrin, iron, and vitamin levels were obtained and analyzed monthly. Patients were divided into two groups retrospectively. Patients with persistent anemia for more than 1 yr were compared with non-anemic patients. RESULTS: Forty-three (72%) of the 60 patients were anemic. Anemia was normochromic, normocytic, and slightly anisocytic. Anemic and non-anemic patients showed EPO levels within the expected range as defined by Erslev (Erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 1991: 324: 1339). Reticulocyte counts were found to be normal in all patients. Iron deficiency and deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid were not observed. Patients with persistent anemia showed a significantly shorter survival period than non-anemic patients (p<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Mild anemia following HTX shows the same characteristics as anemia in chronic diseases. Persisting mild anemia used to be associated with a shorter life expectancy. There is no evidence that standard immunosuppression causes anemia.
Subject(s)
Anemia/etiology , Heart Transplantation/adverse effects , Anemia/blood , Anemia/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Chronic Disease , Erythropoietin/blood , Female , Ferritins/blood , Hemoglobins/analysis , Humans , Iron/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Survival Analysis , Transferrin/analysis , Vitamins/bloodABSTRACT
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary vascular resistance is of special interest in many diseases. Usually it is determined invasively by catheterization, but cardiac output and pulmonary transit time can be ascertained by several noninvasive methods. METHODS: Fourteen heart recipients (age 34-71 years) were examined by electron-beam CT of the heart. Cine and flow studies were performed using a total of 60 mL of contrast and a breath-hold of 20 seconds. RESULTS: A mathematical model for calculating pulmonary vascular resistances from noninvasively measured cardiac outputs and pulmonary transit times was developed. Right-sided heart catheterization served as the reference method. CONCLUSIONS: The formula created seems to allow a clinically valid estimate of pulmonary vascular resistance from noninvasively acquired data.
