ABSTRACT
We compared the impact of a commercial chlorination product (brand name Air RahMat) in stored drinking water to traditional boiling practices in Indonesia. We conducted a baseline survey of all households with children 1000 MPN/100 ml (RR 1·86, 95% CI 1·09-3·19) in stored water than in households without detectable E. coli. Although results suggested that Air RahMat water treatment was associated with lower E. coli contamination and diarrhoeal rates among children <5 years than water treatment by boiling, Air RahMat use remained low.
Subject(s)
Diarrhea/prevention & control , Drinking Water , Halogenation , Water Purification/methods , Water Quality , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child, Preschool , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Drinking Water/microbiology , Drinking Water/standards , Escherichia coli , Family Characteristics , Female , Humans , Indonesia/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is a common complication of cardiovascular surgery. Beta-blockers have been shown to decrease the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. However, the use of magnesium is more controversial. It was our hypothesis that adjunctive magnesium sulfate would improve the efficacy of beta-blockers alone in the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation. METHODS: We prospectively randomized 167 coronary artery bypass patients (mean age 61+/-10 years, 115 men) to receive propranolol alone (20 mg four times daily) or propranolol and magnesium (18 g over 24 hours). Magnesium was begun intraoperatively, and propranolol was started on admission to the intensive care unit. RESULTS: Using an intention-to-treat analysis, the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was 19.5% in the propranolol-treated patients and 22.4% in propranolol + magnesium-treated patients (p = 0.65). Because combination therapy resulted in an excess of postoperative hypotension, which required withholding doses of propranolol, an on-treatment analysis was also performed. In this analysis, the incidence of atrial fibrillation was still not significantly different (18.5% in propranolol-treated patients and 10.0% in propranolol + magnesium-treated patients, p = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive magnesium sulfate, in combination with propranolol, does not decrease the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation.
Subject(s)
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Atrial Fibrillation/prevention & control , Magnesium Sulfate/therapeutic use , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Propranolol/therapeutic use , Administration, Oral , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration & dosage , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/adverse effects , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/adverse effects , Coronary Artery Bypass , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Heart Rate/drug effects , Humans , Hypotension/chemically induced , Incidence , Infusions, Intravenous , Intraoperative Care , Length of Stay , Magnesium Sulfate/administration & dosage , Magnesium Sulfate/adverse effects , Male , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/chemically induced , Propranolol/administration & dosage , Propranolol/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Single-Blind MethodABSTRACT
The maximum activity (Vmax) of acid phosphomonoesterase (E.C.3.1.3.2.) at pH 5.5 and 37 degrees C was found to be 2.68 +/- 0.25 and 3.85 +/- 0.24 mu moles phenol mg protein-1 min-1 in male and female Bunostomum trigonocephalum, respectively. The Vmax of alkaline phosphomonoesterase (E.C.3.1.3.1) at pH 10.0 and 37 degrees C was 0.75 +/- 0.04 and 1.15 +/- 0.05 mu moles phenol mg protein-1 min-1 in male and female B. trigonocephalum, respectively. The Michaelis constant (Km) values were 10.25 mM and 11.76 mM for acid and 8.69 mM and 9.09 mM for alkaline phosphomonoesterase in male and female worms, respectively. Enzymal activities were optimum at 7.0 and 9.0% enzyme concentrations, at incubation periods of 60 and 20 min and at temperatures of 50 and 45 degrees C for acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, respectively. Dialysis in distilled water decreased the activity of both enzymes, while only acid phosphomonoesterase activity increased in citrate buffer (pH 5.5) and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity in carbonate buffer (pH 10.0).
