Physiopathological mechanisms of diaphragmatic dysfunction associated with mechanical ventilation. / Mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la disfunción diafragmática asociada a ventilación mecánica.

Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) is the loss of diaphragmatic muscle strength'related to of mechanical ventilation, noticed during the first day or 48hours after initiating controlled mechanical ventilation. This alteration has been related to disruption on the insulin growth factor/phosphoinositol 3-kinase/kinase B protein pathway (IGF/PI3K/AKT), in addition to an overexpression of FOXO, expression of NF-kB signaling, increase function of muscular ubiquitin ligase and activation of caspasa-3. VIDD has a negative impact on quality of life, duration of mechanical ventilation, and hospitalization stance and cost. More studies are necessary to understated the process and impact of VIDD. This is a narrative review of non-systematic literature, aiming to explain the molecular pathways involved in VIDD.

Las células madre, piedra angular de rejuvenecimiento. Aclarando conceptos / Stem cells, corners stone of rejuvenescence. Clarifying concepts

Las células madre tienen tres características comunes: la autorrenovación, la indiferenciación y la derivación a cualquier célula madura, éstas son el patrimonio (en el caso de las célula madre adultas) con el que cuenta un individuo para regenerar las células senescentes a lo largo de la vida. Las células madre pueden regenerar tejidos en individuos compatibles de la misma especie. El termino célula madre en tecnología cosmética hace referencia principalmente a sustancias extraídas de células madre de origen vegetal, ricas en polifenoles tales como el resveratrol, y luteolina o péptidos capaces de activar los genes de las sirtuinas NAD dependientes, que producen de acetilación del ADN que permiten la compactación de la cromatina (AU)

Stem cells has three common characteristics: self-renewal, differentiation and derivation of any mature cell, these are the assets (in the case of adult stem cell) with which an individual has to regenerate senescent cells along life. Stem cells can regenerate tissue compatible individuals of the same species. In Cosmetic technology the term stem cell refers mainly to stem cells extracted from substances of vegetable origin, rich in polyphenols such as resveratrol, and luteolin or peptides able to activate the genes of the NAD-dependent sirtuins, which produce deacetylation that allow the compaction of chromatin (AU)

Cuticle heterogeneity as exhibited by Pasteuria spore attachment is not linked to the phylogeny of parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.).

The cuticle is a major barrier prohibiting the infection of nematodes against micro-organisms. The attachment of bacterial spores of the nematode hyperparasite Pasteuria penetrans (PP1) to field populations of root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) from Burkino Faso, Ecuador, Greece, Malawi, Senegal and Trinidad and Tobago were assayed in standard attachment tests. The attachment of spore population PP1 to different field populations of root-knot nematode showed that the rates of attachment differed between countries. Similar tests were also undertaken on P. penetrans spores from these countries against 2 species of RKN, M. incognita and M. arenaria. The results showed a high degree of variability in spore attachment with no clear distinction between the 2 species of nematode. It has been hypothesized that Pasteuria spore attachment is linked to nematode species designations and this study clearly shows that this is not the case. Further tests showed that variation in spore attachment was not linked to nematode phylogeny. The results therefore beg the question of how do parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes maintain cuticle variability in the face of such an aggressive hyperparasite.