Prenatal administration of lipopolysaccharide induces sex-dependent changes in glutamic acid decarboxylase and parvalbumin in the adult rat brain.

RATIONALE: Recent clinical studies suggest GABA-ergic system abnormalities as a neuropathological mechanism of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we examined the effect of chronic prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration on immunohistochemical changes of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats. RESULTS: These data demonstrated that prenatal LPS administration during the final 2 weeks of pregnancy induced schizophrenia-like behavioral symptoms, such as deficits in sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition) and impairments in social interactions and exploration, in adult offspring. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that in our neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, decreases in the total number of PV- and GAD67-positive neurons in the medial prefrontal cortices of adult females prenatally exposed to LPS were observed, whereas these immunochemical changes were primarily detected in the hippocampus of males. Additionally, a decrease in PV-labeled axon terminals of GABA-ergic cells, likely reflecting the perisomatic inhibitory innervation of pyramidal neurons, was observed in the medial prefrontal cortices in both sexes. CONCLUSION: This study provided evidence of a key role for the GABA system in neurodevelopment associated with the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia and showed that the observed changes are sex-dependent. Moreover, this study is the first to present a model of schizophrenia based on prenatal LPS administration, which not only produced behavioral abnormalities but also changed the cytoarchitecture of the GABA inhibitory system.

Prenatal stress leads to changes in IGF-1 binding proteins network in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of adult male rat.

Depression is a mental disorder of still unknown origin. Currently, much attention is paid to the potential influence of disturbances in the functioning of neurotrophic factors on the onset of this disease. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is one of the most important growth agents affecting processes that are crucial for brain development. To date, there are no data showing the impact of prenatal stress on the family of six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP 1-6) that regulate IGF-1 bioactivity. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the decreased expression of IGF-1 in the frontal cortex (FCx) and hippocampus (Hp) of adult male rats following a prenatal stress procedure is related to changes in the IGFBP family. Our results show that rats exposed prenatally to stressful stimuli displayed depression-like behavior based on sucrose preference and elevated plus maze tests. In both cases, in the adult rat brain structures that were examined after the prenatal stress procedure, the IGF-1 protein level was reduced. Moreover, we observed changes of varying degrees in the levels of IGFBPs in stressed animals. A decrease in IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 accompanied by an increase in the IGFBP-4 concentration in the Hp and the FCx was detected. There were no differences in IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-6 brain levels between the stressed and control animals, whereas IGFBP-5 concentration was decreased in the Hp of prenatally stressed animals. This study demonstrated that stress during pregnancy may lead not only to behavioral disturbances but also to a decrease in IGF-1 level and the dysregulation of the IGF-1 binding protein network in adult rat offspring.

[Surgical management of pertrochanteric fractures with the dynamic hip screw of the AO type]. / Operative Versorgung der pertrochanteren Frakturen mit der dynamischen Hüftschraube (DHS) der AO.

Since 1981 we have been using the dynamic hip screw (DHS) for surgical treatment of pertrochanteric fractures. After presentation of the implant and the operative technique the postoperative treatment is discussed. Immediate mobilization of the injured leg with weight-bearing is extremely important. Up to the end of 1986 we had used the DHS in 509 patients, whose average age was 75 years. During the hospital stay 31 patients died. Complications in the form of an infection occurred in 11 cases. Technical mistakes during surgery and breakage of the implant were each observed in two cases. After a period of 11 months patients were observed for assessment of the described technique. This examination was possible in 193 patients, showing excellent results presented in this paper. With full weight-bearing DHS ensures constant bony contact of the fracture fragments by means of the sliding mechanism. The advantages of the DHS are (1) relatively simple surgical technique; (2) low rate of complications; and (3) early mobilization without danger of complications resulting from the implant.

[Follow-up management of recently operated capsule and ligament injuries of the knee joint]. / Nachbehandlung frischer operierter Kapsel-Band-Verletzungen des Kniegelenkes.

The guidelines for the treatment of ligament injuries of the knee joint are subject to continuous changes due to new experiences in the field of functional anatomy and pathophysiology, as well as to the progressive changes in surgical treatment. The authors suggest answers to the questions of immobilisation, appropriate support, mobilisation, etc., questions which as yet have no final and binding solutions. They also discuss the problems of muscle atrophy and the time at which sportive activities of varying strains may be taken up again.

[Differentiated procedure in fractures of the coxal femur end in adults]. / Differenziertes Vorgehen bei Brüchen am koxalen Femurende des Erwachsenen.

After own clinical observations a choice of surgical treatment in coxofemoral fractures is pointed out: Femoral neck fractures of stage Garden I will be stabilized by lag screws. For the rest of subcapital fractures we use lag screws or Smith-Peterson nailing for stabilization; only old patients without the possibility of mobilisation without weight-bearing after operation are treated by endoprosthesis of the hip. In Garden-IV-fractures and fracture-type Pauwels III indication for endoprosthesis is conditioned in most elderly patients. In basocervical and pertrochanteric fractures of younger patients a dynamic hip screw will be performed; in older patients we use elastic nails described by Simon-Weidner and Ender with good success. For stabilization of subtrochanteric fractures different operations dependent on type of fracture, bone-structure and general condition are used: elastic nails with or without wire-loops, interlocking nailing, Y-nail, dynamic hip screw, angled plate and compound internal fixation.

[Delayed union and pseudarthrosis of the carpal navicular: diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. / Zur Diagnose und Behandlung des veralteten Kahnbeinbruches der Hand.

Knowledge of the pathophysiological ways and the changes by roentgenogram after fracture of the carpal navicular makes it possible to get an exact diagnosis of the stage of the fracture. The diagnosis will show the way to the correct treatment. The results in 31 cases with an average follow-up of 15 years are presented. In our series it is pointed out that the real pseudarthrosis can only be healed by operative treatment. All 13 operatively treated pseudarthroses had healed by way of ossification and 11 patients without treatment still suffer from pseudarthroses. 10 of these 11 cases show later arthritic or degenerative changes. In cases of traumatic cysts primary operative treatment is preferred. Severe pre-existing arthritis with sclerosis requires a palliative operation in all cases.

[Fractures of the acetabulum (author's transl)]. / Acetabulum-Frakturen. Ergebnisse opeative Therapie.

The results of conservative and operative treatment of dislocated fractures of the acetabulum are compared. The types of fracture are described where surgical stabilisation is indicated. Depending of the type of fracture, the causes of unsatisfactory results following operative treatment are: primary lesions of the cartilage, difficulties with reduction and retention, septic complications. The aim of surgery is first of all the anatomic reconstruction of the supporting area of the acetabulum. 2/3 of our patients were operated between the 2nd and the 14th day. The lateral position with the extremity freely movable is recommended for dorsal and lateral approach. A trochanter traction screw with extension facilitates the operative reduction. It was possible to re-examine 45 of 64 cases after a period of between 2 and 13 years. Results were evaluated according to the scheme by Merle d'Aubigné. 35 patients had very good or good results, in 3 cases secondary arthrodesis was necessary and in one case a total hip prosthesis was implanted. Dislocated acetabular fractures should be be operated as soon as possible if conservative methods fail. Late reconstruction may also be successful. The lesion of the sciatic nerve is an absolute indication for operation. Satisfactory results can be achieved by anatomic reconstruction even in cases with multiple fragmentation.