Rho-Kinase Is Differentially Expressed in the Adipose Tissue of Rodent and Human in Response to Aging, Sex, and Acute Exercise.

White adipose tissue (WAT) controls energy storage, expenditure, and endocrine function. Rho-kinase (ROCK) is related to impaired thermogenesis, downregulation of preadipocyte differentiation, and adipokine production. Furthermore, WAT ROCK responds to metabolic stress from high-fat diets or diabetes. However, ROCK distribution in adipose depots and its response to aging and sex remain unclear. Thus, we aim to investigate ROCK function in adipose tissue of rodent and human in response to aging and sex. We observed specific differences in the ROCK1/2 distribution in inguinal WAT (ingWAT), perigonadal WAT (pgWAT), and brown adipose tissue of male and female rodents. However, ROCK2 expression was lower in female ingWAT compared with males, a fact that was not observed in the other depots. In the pgWAT and ingWAT of male and female rodents, ROCK activity increased during development. Moreover, middle-aged female rodents and humans showed downregulation in ROCK activity after acute physical exercise. Interestingly, ROCK levels were associated with several inflammatory markers both in rats and humans WAT (Nfkb1, Tnf, Il1b, Il6, and Mcp1). Induction of cell senescence by etoposide elevates ROCK activity in human preadipocytes; however, silencing ROCK1/2 demonstrates improvement in the inflammatory and cell senescence state. Using public databases, several pathways were strongly associated with ROCK modulation in WAT. In summary, WAT ROCK increases with development in association with inflammatory markers. Further, ROCK activity was attenuated by acute physical exercise, implicating it as a possible therapeutic target for metabolism improvement mediated by adipose tissue inflammatory state changes.

Effects of Different Exercise Types on Chrna7 and Chrfam7a Expression in Healthy Normal Weight and Overweight Type 2 Diabetic Adults.

Purpose: Considering that the CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A genes can be modulated by acute or chronic inflammation, and exercise modulates inflammatory responses, the question that arises is whether physical exercise could exert any effect on the expression of these genes. Thus, the aim of this work is to identify the effects of different types of exercises on the expression of the CHRNA7, CHRFAM7A and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in leukocytes of healthy normal weight (HNW), and overweight with type 2 diabetes (OT2D) individuals. Methods: 15 OT2D and 13 HNW participants (men and women, from 40 to 60 years old) performed in a randomized crossover design three exercise sessions: aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE) and combined exercise (CE). Blood samples were collected at rest and post-60-min of the exercise sessions. The leukocytes were the analysis of the CHRNA7, CHRFAM7A and (TNF-α) gene expression. Results: At baseline, OT2D had higher CHRFAM7A and TNF-α expression compared to HNW. No statistical differences were observed between groups for CHRNA7; however, the HNW group presented almost twice as many subjects with the expression of this gene (24% vs. 49%). Post exercise, the CHRFAM7A increased in AE, RE and CE for HNW, and in AE and CE for OT2D. There was no significant difference for TNF-α and CHRNA7 expression between any type of exercise and group. Conclusions: Our study shows that OT2D individuals presented higher baseline expression of TNF-α and CHRFAM7A, besides evidence of decreased CHRNA7A expression in leukocytes when compared with HNW. On the other hand, acutely physical exercise induces increased CHRFAM7A expression, especially when the aerobic component is present.

Combined training increases thermogenic fat activity in patients with overweight and type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Exercise is an important strategy in the management of diabetes. Experimental studies have shown that exercise acts, at least in part, by inducing the production of myokines that improve metabolic control and activate brown/beige adipose tissue depots. Combined training (CT) is recommended by the major diabetes guidelines due to its metabolic and cardiovascular benefits, however, its impact on brown/beige adipose tissue activities has never been tested in humans with overweight and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we evaluated the effects of 16-week combined training (CT) program on brown adipose tissue activity; browning and autophagy markers, and serum pro-thermogenic/inflammatory inducers in patients with overweight and T2D. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with overweight and T2D were assigned to either a control group (CG) or a combined training group (CTG) in a randomized and controlled study. Functional/fitness parameters, anthropometry/body composition parameters, blood hormone/biochemical parameters, thermogenic/autophagic gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue were evaluated before and at the end of the intervention. In addition, cold-induced 18-Fluoroxyglucose Positron Emission Computed Tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) was performed in the training group before and after the end of the intervention. RESULTS: CT increased cervical/supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity (p = 0.03) as well as in perirenal adipose tissue (p = 0.02). In addition, CT increased the expression of genes related to thermogenic profile (TMEM26: + 95%, p = 0.04; and EPSTI1: + 26%, p = 0.03) and decreased autophagic genes (ULK1: -15%, p = 0.04; LC3: -5%, p = 0.02; and ATG4: -22%, p < 0.001) in subcutaneous adipose tissue. There were positive correlations between Δ% BAT activity with Δ% of post training energy expenditure cold exposure, HDL-c, IL4, adiponectin, irisin, meteorin-like, and TMEM26 and ZIC1 genes, besides negative correlations with LDL-c, total cholesterol and C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: This is the first evidence of the beneficial actions of CT on adipose tissue thermogenic activity in humans, and it adds important support for the recommendation of CT as a strategy in the management of diabetes.

Higher Physical Activity Level Improves Leptin Concentrations in Spinal Cord Injury Subjects.

The present study was designed to compare the body composition and indicators of chronic inflammatory grade, such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations in irregularly active and active SCI subjects. Thirty-two male subjects participated in this study. They were divided into three groups: able-bodied control irregularly active (control, n = 11), irregularly active with SCI (SCI-IA, n = 8), and physically active with SCI (SCI-PA, n = 13). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assessed serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. All volunteers performed the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) test, 24 h total energy expenditure (TEE), and body composition by skinfold thicknesses. Leptin concentrations were higher in the SCI-IA group when compared to the other groups, while no significant differences were found between the SCI-PA and control cohorts. In addition, no significant differences were found among groups for serum adiponectin and resistin concentrations either. The SCI-PA group showed significantly higher values for TEE and VO2max when compared to the other groups. Percentages of body fat and circumference were decreased in the control and SCI-PA groups when compared to the SCI-IA cohort. Associations between leptin and cardiorespiratory capacity and anthropometric markers were also observed. Our findings highlight that the lack of physical activity in the SCI subjects leads to poor general physical fitness and higher levels of body adiposity, which may induce hyperleptinemia, an essential marker for cardiometabolic disorders.

Combined Physical Training Increases Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor Levels, But Not Irisin in People Living with HIV/AIDS.

This study evaluated plasma levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), irisin, and lactate in people living with HIV/AIDS who completed a combined physical training program. Nineteen HIV+ participants (age: 39.60 ± 10.96 years; carrier time: 7.75 ± 7.88 years; time of ART: 6.41 ± 5.93 years) performed strength/aerobic training (combined physical training) in the same session for 8 weeks and levels of BDNF, irisin, and lactate were assessed. BDNF (pg/mL) was higher post-CPT (Pre: 1258.73 ± 372.30; Post: 1504.17 ± 322.30; p < 0.001). Irisin (ng/mL) showed no change (Pre: 115.61 ± 72.41; Post: 125.87 ± 81.14; p = 0.973). There was positive correlation between irisin and lactate (mmol/L) pre (r = 0.55, p = 0.04), and lactate values were higher in the group with the highest value of irisin (3.65 ± 0.69 × 2.82 ± 0.59, p = 0.02). Combined physical training results in increased basal BDNF in people living with HIV/AIDS, this finding suggests that increased concentration of BDNF may be associated with decreased chances of developing cognitive disorders or HIV-associated dementia. Further studies involving molecular mechanisms on this subject are necessary.

Combined Chair-Based Exercises Improve Functional Fitness, Mental Well-Being, Salivary Steroid Balance, and Anti-microbial Activity in Pre-frail Older Women.

INTRODUCTION: Regular exercise has long been shown to positively impact the immune system responsiveness and improve mental well-being (MWB). However, the putative links between biomarkers of mental health and immune efficiency in exercising subjects have been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of a 14-week combined chair-based exercise program (CEP) on salivary steroid hormones and anti-microbial proteins, functional fitness, and MWB indexes in pre-frail older women. METHODS: The participant women (82.8 4.6 years old; n = 32) were randomly divided into the exercising group (CEP, n = 17) and the non-exercising control group (CG, n = 15). The pre/post assessment included: (1) salivary anti-microbial proteins lysozyme; (Lys) and immunoglobulin-A (IgA); (2) salivary steroid hormones of testosterone (TT) and cortisol (COR); (3) functional fitness (gait speed, hand grip strength, and static balance); (4) MWB questionnaires (happiness, depression state, satisfaction with life, and stress). RESULTS: Significant differences with large Cohen's (d) effect sizes were found on increased salivary TT (p < 0.05; d = 0.60) after exercise intervention. The results revealed a decrease in IgA levels after CEP (p < 0.01, d = 0.30). The increase in subjective happiness levels (p < 0.05, d = 0.30) and decrease of stress perception (p < 0.01, d = 2.60) and depressive state (p < 0.05, d = 0.30) were found after intervention in the CEP group. Robust statistical differences in gait speed (p < 0.05; d = 0.60) and balance tests (p < 0.05; d = 0.80) were also found in the CEP group. In control, COR increased moderately (p < 0.05; d = 0.65) while no changes were found for the other indicators. Correlation analyses showed inter-dependence between pre-post variations of MWB, biochemical indexes, and fitness function (e.g., COR inverse correlation with hand grip strength and balance tests). CONCLUSION: The CEP program was able to improve functional-fitness performance, decrease feelings of stress, and increase happiness. The CEP also induced clinically relevant hormonal and immune responses, which suggests that chair exercises that combine muscular strength, balance, and gait speed training are promising interventions to improve physical and mental health of older pre-frail adults.

Acute/Chronic Responses of Combined Training on Serum Pro-thermogenic/Anti-inflammatory Inducers and Its Relation With Fed and Fasting State in Overweight Type 2 Diabetic Individuals.

Concentrations of pro-thermogenic/anti-inflammatory inductors are influenced by fed/fasting, sedentary/trained states, and metabolic pattern. However, there is a lack of information on the interactions of these conditions, especially in humans. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the chronic and acute training responses as well as the fed/fasted states of serum pro-thermogenic/anti-inflammatory inducers in overweight type 2 diabetics individuals. Fifteen individuals with type 2 diabetes [body mass index (BMI): 29.61 ± 3.60 kg/m2; age: 50.67 ± 3.97 years] participated in the study. In the pre- and post-experimental periods, baseline clinical parameters analyses were performed. Pro-thermogenic/anti-inflammatory inductors were evaluated pre/post-baseline and before, shortly after, and after 30' and 60' in the first and last sessions of a 16-week combined training (CT) period. These inducers were also compared for fasting and feeding before and after the training period. CT has improved baseline physical fitness, metabolic pattern, and it has also increased interleukin (IL)33 and FNDC5/irisin. In the first training session, there was a decrease in IL4, IL13, and IL33, besides an increase in FNDC5/irisin, and natriuretic peptides. In the last training session, there was an increase in natriuretic peptides and bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4). Differences in responses between the first and last training sessions were observed at certain post-session times for IL4, IL33, and natriuretic peptides, always with higher concentrations occurring in the last session. In evaluating the area under the curve (AUC) of the first and last training session, FNDC5/irisin, natriuretics peptides, and meteorin-like showed increased areas in the last training session. The pre-training fed state showed an increase in IL4 and IL33, while in fasting there was an increase in meteorin-like, natriuretic peptides, and FNDC5/irisin. In the post-training, IL4, IL13, and IL33 were increased in the fed state, while meteorin-like, natriuretic peptides, and FNDC5/irisin remained increased in the fast. Adaptation to physical training and a better metabolic pattern favor an improvement in the acute secretory pattern in part of pro-thermogenic and anti-inflammatory substances analyzed. The fed and fasting states also interfere differently in these substances, where fasting interferes with the increase of myokines, while the fed state induces an increase in interleukins. Clinical Trial Registration: [http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-62n5qn/], identifier [U1111-1202-1476].

Time-Course of Changes in Physiological, Psychological, and Performance Markers following a Functional-Fitness Competition.

Functional Fitness Training (FFT) programs are characterized by utilizing a high volume of training and using a variety of high intensity exercises. While FFT are growing in the number of practitioners and popularity, the relationship between physiological biomarkers and subjective scales in the specific context of FFT has not yet been evaluated in the literature. The purpose of the present study was to monitor the time-course response of cytokines (IL-10 and 1L-1ß), immune variables (C-reactive protein -CRP and immunoglobulin A-IgA), hormonal milieu (cortisol-C, total testosterone-TT, free testosterone-FT and testosterone/cortisol-T/C ratio), creatine kinase-CK, muscle performance (countermovement jump height) and perceived well-being (WB) following a functional fitness competition. Nine amateur male athletes (age 27.1 ± 4.1 years; training experience 2.2 ± 1.3 years) completed five workouts over three consecutive days of FFT-competition. All variables were measured before, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h following the last day of competition. The FFT-competition induced a decrease in IL10/IL1ß ratio approximately 5% after 24h, 21% after 48h and 31% after 72h. Delta T/C ratio remained unchanged during the post-competition period. IgA displayed a significant increase 24h and 72h post FFT-competition. The WB status score was higher 72h after the FFT-competition as compared with pre-competition. The present findings suggest that FFT-competition induces transient changes in some inflammatory and hormonal biomarkers, and perceived well-being seems to be efficient to detect changes in muscle performance.

Effect of administration of high-protein diet in rats submitted to resistance training.

PURPOSE: Although there is limited evidence regarding the pathophysiological effects of a high-protein diet (HD), it is believed that this type of diet could overload the body and cause damage to the organs directly involved with protein metabolism and excretion. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of HD on biochemical and morphological parameters of rats that completed a resistance training protocol (RT; aquatic jump) for 8 weeks. METHODS: Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8 for each group): sedentary normal protein diet (SN-14%), sedentary high-protein diet (SH-35%), trained normal protein diet (TN-14%), and trained high-protein diet (TH-35%). Biochemical, tissue, and morphological measurements were made. RESULTS: Kidney (1.91 ± 0.34) and liver weights (12.88 ± 1.42) were higher in the SH. Soleus muscle weight was higher in the SH (0.22 ± 0.03) when compared to all groups. Blood glucose (123.2 ± 1.8), triglycerides (128.5 ± 44.0), and HDL cholesterol levels (65.7 ± 20.9) were also higher in the SH compared with the other experimental groups. Exercise reduced urea levels in the trained groups TN and TH (31.0 ± 4.1 and 36.8 ± 6.6), respectively. Creatinine levels were lower in TH and SH groups (0.68 ± 0.12; 0.54 ± 0.19), respectively. HD negatively altered renal morphology in SH, but when associated with RT, the apparent damage was partially reversed. In addition, the aquatic jump protocol reversed the damage to the gastrocnemius muscle caused by the HD. CONCLUSIONS: A high-protein diet promoted negative metabolic and morphological changes, while RT was effective in reversing these deleterious effects.

New insights into the effects of irisin levels in HIV-infected subjects: correlation with adiposity, fat-free mass, and strength parameters

ABSTRACT Objective Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of metabolic disorders and alterations on irisin levels. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to quantify the circulating irisin concentration in HIV-infected subjects under highly active antiretroviral therapy and to determine possible correlations between irisin levels with fat mass, fat-free mass, body mass index (BMI), and muscle strength. Subjects and methods Cross-sectional study of 10 men (36.7 ± 11.3 years) and 10 women (42.5 ± 10.3 years) infected with HIV, recruited from the Specialized Service Center in the State Center of Reference for High and Medium Complexity. Blood samples were collected to determine plasma irisin levels, glucose, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. Body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass) and anthropometrics (body mass index; BMI) were measured by bioelectrical impedance. Muscle strength was assessed using a mechanic hand dynamometer and one maximum repetition tests. Results Irisin levels correlated positively with fat mass (r = 0.67; p = 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.48; p = 0.036). In contrast, there was an inverse correlation between irisin levels and fat-free mass (r = -0.41; p = 0.008) and five strength parameters: right hand grip (r = -0.46; p = 0.044); left hand grip (r = -0.50; p = 0.027), relative hand grip (r = -0.79; p = 0.001), bench press (r = -0.58; p = 0.009), leg press (r = -0.40; p = 0.085), and biceps curl (r = -0.059; p = 0.009). Conclusion Irisin levels correlated positively with body fat and negatively with fat-free mass and strength parameters in HIV-infected patients. Female patients infected with HIV receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy have higher levels of irisin compared with men in a similar circumstance.

New insights into the effects of irisin levels in HIV-infected subjects: correlation with adiposity, fat-free mass, and strength parameters.

OBJECTIVE: Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of metabolic disorders and alterations on irisin levels. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation was to quantify the circulating irisin concentration in HIV-infected subjects under highly active antiretroviral therapy and to determine possible correlations between irisin levels with fat mass, fat-free mass, body mass index (BMI), and muscle strength. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 10 men (36.7 ± 11.3 years) and 10 women (42.5 ± 10.3 years) infected with HIV, recruited from the Specialized Service Center in the State Center of Reference for High and Medium Complexity. Blood samples were collected to determine plasma irisin levels, glucose, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. Body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass) and anthropometrics (body mass index; BMI) were measured by bioelectrical impedance. Muscle strength was assessed using a mechanic hand dynamometer and one maximum repetition tests. RESULTS: Irisin levels correlated positively with fat mass (r = 0.67; p = 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.48; p = 0.036). In contrast, there was an inverse correlation between irisin levels and fat-free mass (r = -0.41; p = 0.008) and five strength parameters: right hand grip (r = -0.46; p = 0.044); left hand grip (r = -0.50; p = 0.027), relative hand grip (r = -0.79; p = 0.001), bench press (r = -0.58; p = 0.009), leg press (r = -0.40; p = 0.085), and biceps curl (r = -0.059; p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Irisin levels correlated positively with body fat and negatively with fat-free mass and strength parameters in HIV-infected patients. Female patients infected with HIV receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy have higher levels of irisin compared with men in a similar circumstance.

Parâmetros bioquímicos e cinética de lactato sanguíneo de sujeitos HIV+ submetidos ao treinamento físico combinado / Biochemical parameters and blood lactate kinetics of HIV+ individuals subject to combined physical training

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a cinética de lactato sanguíneo (CLS) e a sua resposta ao treinamento físico combinado (TFC) bem como avaliar os efeitos sobre os aspectos bioquímicos, imunológicos, cardiorrespiratório e composição corporal de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS. Doze voluntários HIV+ realizaram o TFC, por um período de 16 semanas, e foram submetidos às avaliações nos momentos pré, oito e 16 semanas de TFC. Ao final, houve um aumento das células TCD4+ e manutenção da carga viral, aumento do consumo máximo de oxigênio e da força muscular e, ainda, aumento do HDL-c e diminuição dos triglicerídeos e glicemia de jejum. Ainda, ocorreu aumento da CLS após o período de treinamento. Concluímos que o TFC influenciou positivamente os parâmetros imunológicos, bioquímicos, cardiorrespiratório e muscular, no entanto, a questão relacionada à CLS necessita de estudos futuros para maiores esclarecimentos.

Abstract The aim of the study was to verify the blood lactate kinetics (BLK) and the response to combined physical training (CPT) as well as to evaluate the effects on markers related to biochemical, immunological, cardiorespiratory and body composition in HIV + people. Twelve HIV+ volunteers performed CPT during 16 weeks, and were subjected to evaluations in 3 moments: pre, 8 and 16 weeks of CPT. At the end, there was improvement in immune and cardiorespiratory parameters, muscular strength and of glycemic and lipid profiles. Concerning BLK, the concentrations were increased after the CPT. We conclude that CPT improved the measured variables, nevertheless, the issue related to the BLK requires further studies in order to clarify this occurrence.

Blood lactate minimum of rats during swimming test using three incremental stages / Lactato sanguíneo mínimo de ratos durante teste de natação usando três etapas incrementais / Lactato sanguíneo mínimo de ratas durante la prueba de natación con tres pasos incrementales

The purpose of this study was to determine the lactate minimum intensity (LMI) by swimming LACmintest using three incremental stages (LACmintest3) and to evaluate its sensitivity to changes in aerobic fitness (AF). Twenty Wistar rats performed: LACmintest3 (1): induction of hyperlactacidemia and incremental phase (4%, 5% and 6.5% of bw); Constant loads tests on (2) and above (3) the LMI. Half of the animals were subjected to training with the individual LMI and the tests were performed again. The mean exercise load in LACmintest3 was 5.04 ± 0.13% bw at 5.08 ± 0.55 mmol L-1 blood lactate minimum (BLM). There was a stabilize and disproportionate increase of blood lactate in tests 2 and 3, respectively. After the training period, the mean BLM was lower in the trained animals. The LACmintest3 seems to be a good indicator of LMI and responsive to changes in AF in rats subjected to swim training.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a intensidade no lactato mínimo (ILM) pelo LACminteste usando três estágios incrementais (LACminteste3) e avaliar sua sensibilidade às alterações do condicionamento aeróbio (CA). Vinte ratos realizaram: LACminteste3 (1): indução da hiperlactacidemia e fase incremental (4%, 5% e 6,5% do pc); Testes de cargas constantes equivalentes (2) e acima (3) da ILM. Metade dos animais foi submetida ao treinamento físico na ILM individual e os testes foram efetuados novamente. A sobrecarga média no LACmintest3foi 5,04 ± 0,13% pc à 5,08 ± 0,55 mmol L-1 de lactato sanguíneo mínimo (LSM). Houve estabilização e aumento desproporcional do lactato sanguíneo nos testes 2 e 3, respectivamente. Após o período de treinamento, o LSM médio foi menor no grupo treinado. O LACminteste3 parece ser um bom indicador da ILM e responsivo às mudanças no CA em ratos treinados por natação.

Determinar la intensidad del lactato mínimo (ILM) por LACmintest incremental mediante tres etapas graduales (LACmintest3) y evaluar su sensibilidad a los cambios en condiciones aerobias (CA). Veinte ratas realizaron: LACmintest3 (1): inducción de hiperlactacidemia y fase incremental (4 %, 5% y 6,5 % de pc); pruebas de cargas constantes equivalente (2) y arriba (3) de la ILM. Mitad de los animales fueron sometidos a entrenamiento físico con la persona carga equivalente a la ILM y las pruebas se realizaron nuevamente. La carga media en LACmintest3fue 5,04 ± 0,13 % pc a 5,08 ± 0,55 mmol L-1 de lactato mínimo en la sangre (LMS). Se observó una estabilización y desproporcionado aumento de lactato sanguíneo en las pruebas 2 y 3, respectivamente. Después del período de entrenamiento físico, la media fue menor en el grupo entrenado. LACmintest3resultó ser un buen indicador de la ILM y sensible a los cambios que se producen en el CA en ratas entrenadas por nadar.

Cinética de lactato de sujeitos HIV+ após 20 semanas de treinamento físico combinado / Lactate kinetics of hiv+ subjects after 20 weeks of combined physical training

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento físico combinado (TFC) sobre a cinética de lactato sanguíneo (LS) e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória de pacientes HIV+. Antes e após 20 semanas de TFC, 10 pacientes HIV+ (5 homens + 5 mulheres; 44,7±9,0 anos de idade) em tratamento pela HAART (Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Ativa) foram avaliados quanto a cinética do LS (LS; mmol/L) durante o teste ergoespirométrico (ERGO) na esteira (para determinação do VO2max [ml.kg-1.min-1]. O TFC consistiu de 40min de exercícios de força seguidos de 30min de caminhada (3x/semana; duração total = 20 semanas). Os níveis de LS foram determinados durante a ERGO em 6 diferentes condições: repouso, 4min de exercício e imediatamente após o exercício (fadiga) (isto é, M0, M1, M2, respectivamente) bem como após os minutos, 1, 4, e 6 durante a recuperação passiva (isto é, R0, R1, e R2 respectivamente). A cinética de LS foi alterada durante a recuperação passiva (principalmente em R1 e R2), denotando que a remoção do LS foi melhorada nesses períodos (LS [pré-TFC/post-TFC]: M0: 2,9±0,6/2,3±0,5; M1: 4,7±1,3/3,3±0,8; M2: 6,3±2,0/8,9±1,9; R0: 9,3±2,3/8,5±2,5; R1: 10,1±2,2/ 7,6±2,0; R2: 9,4±2,5/7,5±1,8). Os valores de VO2max também foram melhorados após TFC (VO2max [pré-TFC/post-TFC]: 29,0±7,1/41,4±7,2). Os resultados denotaram, hipoteticamente, aumento da metabolização intra-tecido de LS no músculo e/ou fígado durante a recuperação passiva, os quais podem ser associados ao VO2max superior pós-TFC. A melhora na remoção do LS em repouso é uma importante ocorrência no que tange à restauração do metabolismo ao seu estado de normalidade.

The purpose of the present study was to verify the effects of combined physical training (CPT) on blood lactate (BL) kinetics as well as the cardiorespiratory aptitude of HIV+ patients. Before and after 20 weeks of CPT, 10 HIV+ patients (5 men + 5 women; 44.7±9.0 years old) under HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) treatment were evaluated for BL (LAC; mmol/L) kinetics during ergospirometric test (ERGO) on the treadmill (to determine VO2max [ml.kg-1.min-1]). The CPT was composed by 40min of resistance exercise followed by 30min of walking exercise (3x/week; total duration=20 weeks). The BL levels were determined at 6 different times during ERGO: at rest, 4min of exercise and immediately after exercise (fatigue) (i.e., M0, M1 and M2, respectively) as well as at the minutes 1, 4, and 6 during passive recovery (i.e., R0, R1, and R2, respectively). The BL kinetics was altered during passive recovery (R1 and R2 times), denoting that the BL disappearance was enhanced in this particular stage (BL [pre-CPT/post-CPT]: M0: 2.9±0.6/2.3±0.5; M1: 4.7±1.3/3.3±0.8; M2: 6.3±2.0/8.9±1.9; R0: 9.3±2.3/8.5±2.5; R1: 10.1±2.2/7.6±2.0; R2: 9.4±2.5/7.5±1.8). The VO2max values were also improved after CPT (VO2max [pre-CPT/post-CPT]: 29.0±7.1/41.4±7.2). The findings show that occurred, hypothetically, an increase of intra-tissue metabolization of BL in the muscle and/or liver of the HIV+ patients during passive recovery, which can be strongly associated to higher VO2máx values post-CPT. The enhanced BL disappearance at rest is an important metabolic occurrence in order to restore the organic systems to their normal states.

Effects of combined exercise training on immunological, physical and biochemical parameters in individuals with HIV/AIDS.

The practice of exercise has shown to be beneficial to quality of life of individuals with HIV/AIDS. Thus, the present study analysed the effects of a combined exercise training in persons living with HIV/AIDS. Ten participants participated in the present study. The following variables were analysed: viral load and cell counts for TCD4+/TCD8; maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max); total mass, absolute fat mass, relative fat mass, absolute lean mass, relative lean mass and body mass index; fasting glycaemia, fasting insulinaemia, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index (insulin resistance - homeostatic model assessment (IR-HOMA)); total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL); superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The combined exercise training consisted of resistance exercises plus aerobic training (60 min · session(-1), three times per week, during 20 weeks). The number of TCD4+ cells, absolute lean mass and relative lean mass, muscle strength for the 45° leg press, seated row and triceps extension, HDL-c levels as well as VO2max increased post-training. The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase enzymes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were diminished post-training. Finally, it can be concluded that combined exercise training is able to change positively several variables related to health of individuals with HIV/AIDS, mainly the immune system as well as antioxidant mechanisms re-establishment.

Efeitos do treinamento físico combinado realizado na intensidade do limiar anaeróbio sobre a composição corporal e sistema imune de sujeitos com HIV / Effects of combined physical training performed at anaerobic threshold intensity on the body composition and immune system of subjects with HIV

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico combinado (TC) de 16 semanas sobre a composição corporal e o sistema imune, bem como velocidade e inclinação da esteira rolante obtidos na intensidade do limiar anaeróbio (LAn) em indivíduos com HIV. Participaram do estudo10 indivíduos, sendo 5 homens e 5 mulheres (44,7±8,97 anos; Tempo de Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Ativa [HAART]: 8,89±6,21 anos; Tempo Portador: 9,14±5,37 anos; Carga Viral: indetectável), os quais foram submetidos a 16 semanas de TC. Os dados foram expressos como média±desvio padrão (p≤0,05). Foram observadas melhoras em relação à massa magra relativa (MMR; %) (Pré: 45,5 [32,8 – 63,0]; Pós: 47,9 [33,7 – 66,3]) e massa magra absoluta (MMA; %) (Pré: 67,0 [55,0 – 75,2]; Pós: 68,8 [56,6 – 75,7]). O índice de massa corporal (IMC; kg/m2 ) não sofreu alteração pós TC (Pré: 24,2 [21,3 – 28,7]; Pós: 23,7 [21,8 – 30,0]). A carga viral permaneceu indetectável, sendo que houve aumento no número delinfócitos T CD4+ (Pré: 529 [426,0 – 900,0]; Pós: 694 [381,0 – 1175,0]). Além disso, houve melhora nosvalores de VO2 (ml.kg.min-1) (Pré: 16,2±4,9; Pós: 21,2±3,2), velocidade (km/h) (Pré: 5,7±0,9; Pós: 6,3±1,0) e inclinação (%) (Pré: 3,8±1,2; Pós: 4,9±1,0) obtidos na intensidade do LAn. Conclui-se que oTC melhorou o VO2 na intensidade do LAn e induziu a aumentos de MMR e de MMA. Finalmente, o TC promoveu aumento no número de linfócitos T CD4+, sem efeito negativo sobre a carga viral. Estes resultados são de extrema importância para a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com HIV.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of combined physical training (CT) on body composition and immune system, as well as, speed and inclination obtained at the intensity of anaerobic threshold (AT) in subjects with HIV. Ten individuals, 5 men and 5 women, united in a single group (44.7±8.97 years of age; Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy [HAART] time: 8.89±6.21 years; HIV-Bearer Time: 9.14±5.37 years; Viral Load: undetectable), were subjected to 16 weeks of CT. Data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (p ≤ 0.05). Both relative lean mass (RLM; %) (Pre: 45.5 [32.8-63.0]; Post: 47.9 [33.7-66.3]) and absolute lean mass (ALM; %) (Pre: 67.0[55.0-75.2]; Post: 68.8 [56.6-75.7]) were improved after CT. The body mass index (BMI; kg/m2 ) did not change post-CT (Pre: 24.2 [21.3 – 28.7]; Post: 23.7 [21.8 – 30.0]). The viral load remained undetectable, while the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes was increased (Pre: 529 [426.0-900.0]; Post: 694 [381.0-1175.0]). In addition, VO2(ml.kg.min-1) (Pre: 16.2 ± 4.9; Post: 21.2 ± 3.2), speed (km/h) (Pre: 5.7 ± 0.9; Post: 6.3 ± 1.0) and inclination (%) (Pre: 3.8 ± 1.2; Post: 4.9 ± 1.0), obtained at AT intensity, were improved. It was concluded that CT was able to improve the VO2 at the intensity of AT and induced increases in RLM and ALM. Finally, the CT increased the number of CD4 + T lymphocytes, with no negative effect on the viralload. These results are extremely important for the quality of life of patients with HIV.