ABSTRACT
Mice with a targeted mutation of the Hoxa10 gene demonstrate uterine factor infertility. It is unclear if the defect in the uterine environment arises due to the absence of Hoxa10 expression during embryonic development or in the adult. We have recently demonstrated that HOXA10 expression in human endometrium rises dramatically at the time of implantation, suggesting maternal expression of Hoxa10/HOXA10 may be essential to the process. To assess the importance of maternal Hoxa 10 expression, the uteri of day 2 pregnant mice were injected with a DNA/liposome complex containing constructs designed to alter maternal Hoxa10 expression before implantation. Transfection with a Hoxa10 antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide significantly decreased the number of implantation sites. Transfection with a plasmid which constitutively expresses Hoxa10 optimized survival of implanted embryos resulting in increased litter size. These results demonstrate that maternal Hoxa10 expression is essential for implantation and is the first report of the maternal alteration of a gene known to affect implantation specifically. We also demonstrate that DNA/liposome complexes containing the same Hoxa10 constructs that alter fertility in mice, can affect Hoxa10 expression in a human endometrial cell line. Alteration of human endometrial HOXA10 via liposome-mediated gene transfection is a potential contraceptive agent or fertility treatment.
Subject(s)
DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Embryo Implantation/genetics , Endometrium/metabolism , Genes, Homeobox , Genetic Therapy/methods , Homeodomain Proteins , Infertility, Female/therapy , Animals , Blotting, Northern , Blotting, Western , DNA , Female , Homeobox A10 Proteins , Humans , Liposomes , Litter Size , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage , Pregnancy , Transfection/methods , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
The development of a 12-step continuum of services for individuals with autism is described. The operation and funding of outreach parent training; homebased early intervention; preschool, vocational, and adult intermediate care; and school consultation programs are outlined. The use and importance of evaluative data on both treatment outcome and staff skills are emphasized.
Subject(s)
Autistic Disorder/rehabilitation , Child Behavior Disorders/rehabilitation , Continuity of Patient Care/trends , Intellectual Disability/rehabilitation , Patient Care Team , Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Autistic Disorder/psychology , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/psychology , Child, Preschool , Continuity of Patient Care/economics , Female , Financing, Government/trends , Humans , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Male , Patient Care Team/economics , Patient Care Team/trends , Rehabilitation, Vocational/trends , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
In conclusion, the stress of surgery, illness, and everyday life can be managed if both the diabetic and the nurse are aware of the effects of stress upon diabetic control and are prepared to deal with those effects. Stressors need to be identified. The patient needs to know how to respond to illness before it occurs. With proper interventions, a positive outcome with minimal risk can result.
