Evaluación de la intercambiabilidad in vitro de diferentes marcas de tabletas de diclofenaco sódico disponibles en el mercado colombiano / In vitro evaluation of the interchangeability of different brands of diclofenac sodium tablets available in the Colombian market

Introducción. El diclofenaco sódico se clasifica como un antiinflamatorio no esteroide. Dado que es de venta libre, el paciente no tiene ningún seguimiento por parte de los equipos de salud, y como sus fuentes son múltiples, es necesario establecer la equivalencia entre ellas en estudios in vitro, que son los más prácticos y plantean un menor compromiso ético. Objetivos. Determinar la intercambiabilidad de diferentes marcas comerciales de diclofenaco sódico comparadas con el producto innovador mediante un estudio in vitro de tabletas comerciales de 50 mg, según los lineamientos del Sistema de Clasificación Biofarmacéutica (SCB). Materiales y métodos. Se desarrollaron pruebas físicas y químicas siguiendo las indicaciones de laedición 39 de la United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Para la cuantificación, se validó una metodología analítica según lo establecido en la mencionada farmacopea y la guía Q2 del International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Los perfiles de disolución y sus análisis se rigieron por lo establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y las normas nacionales. Resultados. Todos los productos aprobaron las pruebas físicas. En cuanto a la disolución, la etapa ácida también fue superada por todas las marcas, pero una marca falló en la etapa alcalina. El análisis de similitud reveló que solo un producto fue equivalente al innovador y tres fueron supradisponibles, aunque dichas marcas también podrían considerarse equivalentes al producto innovador. Conclusiones. De las ocho marcas evaluadas, tres no cumplieron totalmente con la prueba de valoración del principio activo y del porcentaje de disolución; solo una marca fue intercambiable con el producto innovador y tres fueron supradisponibles comparadas con este, por lo cual no constituyen un riesgo para el paciente.

Introduction: Diclofenac sodium is classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. As diclofenac is an over-the-counter drug, its use among patients cannot be monitored by health teams in follow-up sessions. Given the multiple sources of diclofenac sodium, their interchangeability must be investigated, particularly in the form of in vitro studies, which are the most practical research type and entail minimal ethical commitment. Objectives: To determine the interchangeability of the different commercial brands of diclofenac sodium relative to the innovative product, this work carries out an in vitro study of eight commercial products of diclofenac sodium (50 mg) following the guidelines of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. Materials and methods: Physical and chemical tests were developed following the guidelines of the 39th edition of the United States Pharmacopoeia. An analytical methodology was validated for the quantification of diclofenac according to the current pharmacopoeia and the Q2 guideline ofthe International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Dissolution profiles and their analyseswere governed by the regulations established by the World Health Organization and the national regulations. Results: All the products passed the physical tests. In the dissolution assays, the acid stage was overcome by all brands, but in the alkaline stage, one brand failed. The analysis of the similarities revealed that only one product was equivalent to the innovator and that three were supra-available, although these brands could also be considered equivalent to the innovator. Conclusions: Of the eight brands evaluated, three failed the test forthe active principle and the percentage of dissolution. Only one brand was found to be interchangeable with the innovator, and three were identified to besupra-availableand, thus, they do not present a risk for patients.

In vitro evaluation of the interchangeability of different brands of diclofenac sodium tablets available in the Colombian market / Evaluación de la intercambiabilidad in vitro de diferentes marcas de tabletas de diclofenaco sódico disponibles en el mercado colombiano

Introduction: Diclofenac sodium is classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. As diclofenac is an over-the-counter drug, its use among patients cannot be monitored by health teams in follow-up sessions. Given the multiple sources of diclofenac sodium, their interchangeability must be investigated, particularly in the form of in vitro studies, which are the most practical research type and entail minimal ethical commitment. Objectives: To determine the interchangeability of the different commercial brands of diclofenac sodium relative to the innovative product, this work carries out an in vitro study of eight commercial products of diclofenac sodium (50 mg) following the guidelines of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. Materials and methods: Physical and chemical tests were developed following the guidelines of the 39th edition of the United States Pharmacopoeia. An analytical methodology was validated for the quantification of diclofenac according to the current pharmacopoeia and the Q2 guideline ofthe International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Dissolution profiles and their analyseswere governed by the regulations established by the World Health Organization and the national regulations. Results: All the products passed the physical tests. In the dissolution assays, the acid stage was overcome by all brands, but in the alkaline stage, one brand failed. The analysis of the similarities revealed that only one product was equivalent to the innovator and that three were supra-available, although these brands could also be considered equivalent to the innovator. Conclusions: Of the eight brands evaluated, three failed the test forthe active principle and the percentage of dissolution. Only one brand was found to be interchangeable with the innovator, and three were identified to besupra-availableand, thus, they do not present a risk for patients.

Introducción. El diclofenaco sódico se clasifica como un antiinflamatorio no esteroide. Dado que es de venta libre, el paciente no tiene ningún seguimiento por parte de los equipos de salud, y como sus fuentes son múltiples, es necesario establecer la equivalencia entre ellas en estudios in vitro, que son los más prácticos y plantean un menor compromiso ético.Objetivos. Determinar la intercambiabilidad de diferentes marcas comerciales de diclofenaco sódico comparadas con el producto innovador mediante un estudio in vitro de tabletas comerciales de 50 mg, según los lineamientos del Sistema de Clasificación Biofarmacéutica (SCB).Materiales y métodos. Se desarrollaron pruebas físicas y químicas siguiendo las indicaciones de la edición 39 de la United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Para la cuantificación, se validó una metodología analítica según lo establecido en la mencionada farmacopea y la guía Q2 del International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Los perfiles de disolución y sus análisis se rigieron por lo establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y las normas nacionales.Resultados. Todos los productos aprobaron las pruebas físicas. En cuanto a la disolución, la etapa ácida también fue superada por todas las marcas, pero una marca falló en la etapa alcalina. El análisis de similitud reveló que solo un producto fue equivalente al innovador y tres fueron supradisponibles, aunque dichas marcas también podrían considerarse equivalentes al producto innovador.Conclusiones. De las ocho marcas evaluadas, tres no cumplieron totalmente con la prueba de valoración del principio activo y del porcentaje de disolución; solo una marca fue intercambiable con el producto innovador y tres fueron supradisponibles comparadas con este, por lo cual no constituyen un riesgo para el paciente.

Desarrollo y validación de una metodología analítica por HPLC-DAD para la cuantificación de Warfarina Sódica en una preparación extemporánea / Development and validation of an analytical method by HPLC-DAD for quantification of Warfarin Sodium in an extemporaneous preparation

En este trabajo se llevó a cabo el desarrollo y la validación de una metodología analítica por HPLC para la cuantificación de Warfarina Sódica en una suspensión para uso hospitalario. La selectividad se evaluó frente a los excipientes y compuestos de degradación; la linealidad en el rango de concentraciones comprendido entre 0,05 y 0,15 mg/mL; la precisión se estudió en los niveles de repetibilidad y precisión intermedia y la exactitud en tres niveles de concentración que corresponden al 75%, 100% y 125%. Los resultados muestran que la validación de la metodología por HPLC es selectiva, lineal, precisa y exacta; por tanto, es confiable para ser utilizada en la cuantificación del activo Warfarina Sódica en una suspensión extemporánea y también en estudios de estabilidad de dicha preparación.

In this work was carried out the development and quantification of an analytical methodology for quantification of Warfarin Sodium in an extemporaneous suspension for hospital use. Evaluation of specificity was achieved against its excipients and degradation compounds. The selectivity was evaluated against the excipients and degradation compounds. Linearity studies were performed in a range of concentration between 0.05 to 0.15 mg/mL. Precision was evaluated in levels of repeatability and intermediate precision and accuracy in three concentration levels corresponding to the 75, 100 and 125%. The results show that the validation of the methodology is selective, linear, accurate and precise; therefore, it is reliable for use in the quantification of active warfarin sodium in the extemporaneous suspension.

Characterizatio of the adsorption process analogous peptides on alumina gel / Carcterización ddelproceso de adsorción de péptidos análogos sobree gel de alúmina / Caracterização do processo de adsorção peptídeos análogos em gel alumnaa

Peptide antigen adsorption on aluminum hydroxide gel must be characterized when formulating vaccines. In this work a peptide belonging to the amino-terminal region of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein and its analogues have been characterized. The adsorption of 17 analogues on aluminum hydroxide which had greater than 10 mmol/L solubility was quantified at 298 K. Adsorption capacity and affinity constant parameters were calculated by applying the Langmuir's adsorption model. The results have been presented in three groups according to adsorption isotherm trajectory. The first group consists of analogues where the first organization of peptide molecules was presented at low concentrations, followed by a rapid increase in adsorption to high concentrations. The second group consists of analogues having an adsorption pattern showing the formation of a first layer at low peptide concentrations and a second layer at greater concentrations. The third group contains analogues whose adsorption involved the formation of two simple layers, this being differentiated from the second group in that after the second layer had been completed, the amount adsorbed grew notably with increased concentration. The results revealed a more complex pattern that monolayer or bilayer formation. This work constitutes the first approach towards establishing an adsorbed layer structure model using a peptide system.

La adsorción de un antígeno peptídico sobre gel de hidróxido de aluminio debe ser caracterizada para la formulación de vacunas. En este trabajo se caracterizó la adsorción de un péptido que pertenece a la región amino-terminal de la proteína de superficie del merozoite de Plasmodium falciparum y sus análogos. Se cuantificó la adsorción a 298 K sobre hidróxido de aluminio de 17 análogos con una solubilidad mayor de 10 mmol/L. Los parámetros de capacidad de adsorción y constante de afinidad se calcularon aplicando el modelo de adsorción de Langmuir. Los resultados se presentan en tres grupos, de acuerdo con la trayectoria de la isoterma de adsorción. El primer grupo consta de los análogos que presentaron la primera organización de las moléculas de péptido en concentraciones bajas, seguida de un rápido incremento de la adsorción a altas concentraciones. El segundo grupo de análogos tiene un patrón de adsorción que muestra la formación de una primera capa a concentraciones bajas de péptido y una segunda capa a concentraciones mayores. El tercer grupo contiene los análogos cuya adsorción muestra la formación de dos capas simples y se diferencia del segundo grupo en que después de la segunda capa, la cantidad adsorbida crece notablemente con el aumento de la concentración. Los resultados revelaron un patrón de adsorción más complejo que la formación de monocapa o bicapa. Este trabajo constituye la primera aproximación hacia el establecimiento de un modelo de estructura de la capa adsorbida en un sistema peptídico.

A adsorção de um antígeno peptídico sobre um gel de hidróxido de alumíniodeve de ser caracterizado para a formulação de vacinas. Neste estudo foi caracterizada a adsorção de um peptídeo que pertence á região amino-terminal da proteína de superfície do merozoito de Plasmodium falciparum e seus análogos. Foi quantificada a adsorção a 298 K sobre hidróxido de alumínio de 17 análogos com uma solubilidade maior de 10 mmol/L. Os parâmetros de capacidade de adsorção e constante de afinidade foram calculados aplicando o modelo de adsorção de Langmuir. Os resultados sãoapresentados em três grupos de acordo á trajectória da isoterma de adsorção. O primeiro grupo consta dos análogos que apresentaram a primeira organização das moléculas de peptídeoem concentraçõesbaixas, seguido de um rápido incremento da adsorção a altas concentrações. O segundo grupo de análogos tem um padrão de adsorção que mostra a formação de uma primeira camada a concentraçõesbaixas de peptídeo e uma segunda camada a concentraçõesmaiores. O terceiro grupo contém os análogos cuja adsorçãomostra a formação de duas camadas simples e é diferenciado do segundo grupo em que depois da segunda camada, a quantidade adsorvida cresce notavelmente com o aumento da concentração. Os resultados revelaram um padrão de adsorçãomais complexo que a formação de monocamada ou bicamada. Este trabalho constitui a primeira aproximaçãoao estabelecimento de um modelo de estrutura da camada adsorvida num sistema peptídico.

Vaccine formulation: adsorption of Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1 peptide 1585 on aluminium hydroxide / Formulación de vacunas: adsorción sobre hidróxido de alumínio del peptido 1585 derivado de la proteina MSP-1 DE Plasmodium falciparum

The Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 has been studied due to its potential to becomea vaccine; likewise, the peptide 1585 which is located in the 42-kDa amino-terminal fragment inducesprotective immunity in primates. Despite the importance of antigen adsorption in the formulation andproduction of vaccines containing aluminium adjuvant, the protein fragment adsorption on aluminium hydroxide has not been thoroughly studied. Electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interaction and ligand exchange have been identified as the major mechanisms involved in antigen retention on the adsorbent surface. Peptide 1585 was synthesized, and its solubility, adsorption on aluminium hydroxide, as well as its molecule release have been studied here. Results allowed us to raise a model for the adsorption and release of this peptide, which are important parameters to establish optimal conditions for peptide adsorbent interaction and, therefore, their response as a vaccine. Results also established the reversibility of such process due to the phosphate ion effect. Thus, this work provides a starting point for research works, leading to further development of vaccine formulations containing highly purified synthetic antigens adsorbed on aluminium adjuvant.

Peptide solubiltty, structure and charge position effect on adsorption by aluminium hydroxide / Efcto de la soluubilidad, la estructura y la posición de cargas de un péptido en la adsorción sobre hidróxido de alumiioo

Solubility, structure and position of charges in a peptide antigen sequence can be mentioned as being amongst the basic features of adsorption. In order to study their effect on adsorption, seven analogue series were synthesized from a MSP-1 peptide sequence by systematically replacing each one of the positions in the peptide sequence by aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, alanine, asparagine, glutamine or lysine. Such modifications in analogue peptide sequences showed a non-regular tendency regarding solubility and adsorption data. Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid analogue series showed great improvements in adsorption, especially in peptides where Lysine in position 6 and Arginine in position 13 were replaced. Solubility of position 5 analogue was greater than the position 6 analogue in Aspartic acid series; however, the position 6 analogue showed best adsorption results whilst the Aspartic acid in position 5 analogue showed no adsorption in the same conditions. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance structural analysis revealed differences in the -helical structure extension between these analogues. The Aspartic acid in position 6, located in the polar side of the helix, may allow this analogue to fit better onto the adsorption regions suggesting that the local electrostatic charge is responsible for this behavior.

La solubilidad, la estructura y la posición de las cargas en una secuencia de un péptido antígeno, se encuentran entre las características básicas de la adsorción. Con el fin de estudiar su efecto sobre la adsorción, fueron sintetizadas siete series de análogos de la secuencia de un péptido de la proteína MSP-1, reemplazando sistemáticamente cada una de las posiciones en la secuencia del péptido por ácido aspártico, ácido glutámico, serina, alanina, asparagina, glutamina o lisina. Las modificaciones en las secuencias de los péptidos análogos no mostraron tendencias regulares respecto a los datos de solubilidad y adsorción. Las series de análogos de ácido aspártico y ácido glutámico presentaron grandes incrementos en la adsorción, en especial cuando fueron reemplazadas la lisina de la posición 6 y la arginina de la posición 13. La solubilidad del análogo en posición 5 fue mayor que la del análogo en posición 6 en la serie del ácido aspártico; sin embargo, los mejores resultados en adsorción se obtuvieron al sustituir con ácido aspártico la posición 6, mientras que el análogo con el ácido aspártico en la posición 5 no presentó adsorción a las mismas condiciones. El análisis estructural por resonancia magnética nuclear mostró diferencias en la extensión de la estructura helicoidal entre estos análogos. El ácido aspártico en la posición 6, localizado en la cara polar de la hélice, podría permitir a este análogo ajustarse mejor sobre los sitios de adsorción, sugiriendo que la carga electrostática local es la responsable de este comportamiento.

Amino terminal peptides from the Plasmodium falciparum EBA-181/JESEBL protein bind specifically to erythrocytes and inhibit in vitro merozoite invasion.

Several EBA-175 paralogues (EBA-140, EBA-165, EBA-175, EBA-181, and EBL-1) have been described among the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite proteins, which are important in the red blood cell (RBC) invasion process. EBA-181/JESEBL is a 181 kDa protein expressed in the late schizont stage and located in the micronemes; it belongs to the Plasmodium Duffy binding-like family and is able to interact with the erythrocyte surface. Here, we describe the synthesis of 78, 20-mer synthetic peptides derived from the reported EBA-181/JESEBL sequence and their ability to bind RBCs in receptor-ligand assays. Five peptides (numbered 30030, 30031, 30045, 30051, and 30060) displayed high specific binding to erythrocytes; their equilibrium binding parameters were then determined. These peptides interacted with 53 and 33 kDa receptor proteins on the erythrocyte surface, this binding being altered when RBCs were pretreated with enzymes. They were able to inhibit P. falciparum merozoite invasion of RBCs when tested in in vitro assays. According to these results, these five EBA-181/JESEBL high specific erythrocyte binding peptides, as well as the entire protein, were seen to be involved in the molecular machinery used by the parasite for invading RBCs. They are thus suggested as potential candidates in designing a multi-sub-unit vaccine able to combat the P. falciparum malaria parasite.

Modifying RESA protein peptide 6671 to fit into HLA-DRbeta1* pockets induces protection against malaria.

6671 is a non-immunogenic, conserved high activity red blood cell binding peptide located between residues 141 and 160 of the Plasmodium falciparum RESA protein. This peptide's critical red blood cell (RBC) binding residues have been replaced by amino acids having similar mass but different charge to change their immunologic properties. Three analogues (two of them immunogenic and protective and one immunogenic) were studied by purified HLA-DRbeta1* binding and NMR to correlate their structure with their immunological properties. Native peptide 6671 had a very flexible beta-sheet structure, whilst its immunogenic, protective, and non-protective peptide analogues presented an alpha-helical structure having different locations and lengths. These changes in peptide structure facilitated their fitting into HLA-DRbeta1* molecules. This paper shows for the first time how modifications performed on RESA protein non-immunogenic, non-protectogenic peptides impose a configuration allowing them to fit perfectly into the MHC II-TCR complex, in turn leading to appropriate activation of the immune system.

Plasmodium falciparum: red blood cell binding studies using peptides derived from rhoptry-associated protein 2 (RAP2).

Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry-associated proteins 1 (RAP1) and 2 (RAP2) are antigens presenting themselves as candidates for a subunit malaria vaccine. RAP2 protein, non-overlapping, consecutive peptides were synthesised and tested in red blood cell (RBC) binding assays to identify their receptor-ligand interaction in recognising RAP2 regions involved in the in vitro merozoite invasion process. Four high activity binding peptides (HABPs) were identified in the resulting 20 peptides. Peptides 26220 ((61)NHFSSADELIKYLEKTNINT(80)), 26225 ((161)IKKNPFLRVLNKASTTTHAT(180)) and 26229 ((241)RSVNNVISKNKTLGLRKRSS(260)) were located in the amino terminal and central part of the protein and HABP 26235 ((361)FLAEDFVELFDVTMDCYSRQ(380)) was located at the carboxy terminal. All these HABPs showed saturable binding and presented dissociation constants between 500 and 950 nM; the number of binding sites per RBC ranged from 48,000 to 160,000. High binding peptides' critical amino acids involved in RBC binding were determined by competition binding assays; their amino acids appear in bold in the sequences shown above. SDS-PAGE results showed that peptides 26220, 26225 and 26229 had at least two different sets of 62 and 42 kDa HABP receptors on RBCs and that peptide 26235 had at least two different sets of 77 and 62 kDa. HABPs inhibited in vitro merozoite invasion by between 54% and 94% at 200 microM, suggesting that these RAP2 peptides are involved in the in vitro P. falciparum invasion process.

Plasmodium falciparum SERA protein peptide analogues having short helical regions induce protection against malaria.

Three Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen (SERA) protein peptides were studied by NMR and structure calculations being done in 70:30 water:trifluoroethanol solution. Peptide 22834 was shown to be immunogenic and protective against malaria in Aotus monkeys, whilst native peptide 6737 and its analogue 14096 did not present protection against the disease in these monkeys. Results showed a relationship between these peptides' secondary structure and their function as immunogen against malaria.

Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein peptides specifically bind to reticulocytes.

Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (Pv-DBP) is essential during merozoite invasion of reticulocytes. Reticulocyte binding region identification is important for understanding Pv-DBP reticulocyte recognition. Fifty 20 mer non-overlapping peptides, spanning Pv-DBP sequences, were tested in erythrocyte and reticulocyte binding assays. Ten HARBPs, mainly located in region II (Kd 50-130 nM), were High Activity Reticulocyte Binding Peptides (HARBPs); one bound to erythrocytes. Reticulocyte trypsin-, chymotrypsin- or neuraminidase- treatment affects HARBP binding differently, suggesting that these peptides have different reticulocyte-binding-sites. Some peptides bound to a Coomasie non-stainable 40 Kda band. Some HARBPs were able to block recombinant PvRII binding (Pv-DBP region II) to Duffy positive reticulocytes.