Molecularly Confirmed Acute, Fatal Sarcocystis falcatula Infection in the Rainbow Lorikeets ( Trichoglossus moluccanus) at the Philadelphia Zoo.

The protozoan parasite Sarcocystis falcatula is an important cause of clinical disease in several avian intermediate hosts. The host range of S. falcatula is wide, and numerous outbreaks of acute sarcocystosis have been reported in passerine and psittacine birds in captivity in the Americas. Previous diagnosis was performed by serologic methods, light, and/or electron microscopic examinations with limited molecular confirmation. Here, we report histological and molecular diagnosis of acute, fatal S. falcatula infections in rainbow lorikeets ( Trichoglossus moluccanus) at the Philadelphia Zoo. Pulmonary sarcocystosis was suspected antemortem in 3 lorikeets (3-5 yr old); these birds died despite antiprotozoal therapy. The predominant lesion was pneumonia associated with S. falcatula-like schizonts in pulmonary vascular endothelium. The multilocus PCR-DNA sequencing ( 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, ITS-1, and cox1) of frozen lung tissue confirmed S. falcatula infections in all 3 birds. Our results and previous studies suggest that acute pulmonary form of sarcocystosis is a major contributor of death to Old World psittacine birds.

Eisenmenger ventricular septal defect in a Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti).

The Eisenmenger ventricular septal defect is an uncommon type of ventricular septal defect characterised in humans by a traditionally perimembranous ventricular septal defect, anterior deviation (cranioventral deviation in small animal patients) of the muscular outlet septum causing malalignment relative to the remainder of the muscular septum, and overriding of the aortic valve. This anomaly is reported infrequently in human patients and was identified in a 45-day-old Humboldt Penguin, Spheniscus humboldti, with signs of poor growth and a cardiac murmur. This case report describes the findings in this penguin and summarises the anatomy and classification of this cardiac anomaly. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of an Eisenmenger ventricular septal defect in a veterinary patient.

Acute, fatal Sarcocystis calchasi-associated hepatitis in Roller pigeons (Columba livia f. dom.) at Philadelphia Zoo.

Four Roller pigeons (Columba livia f. dom.) at the Philadelphia Zoo died suddenly. Necropsy examination revealed macroscopic hepatitis. Microscopically, the predominant lesions were in liver, characterized with necrosis and mixed cell inflammatory response. Sarcocystis calchasi-like schizonts and free merozoites were identified in liver. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that schizonts were in hepatocytes. A few schizonts were in spleen. PCR using S. calchasi-specific primers confirmed the diagnosis. Neither lesions nor protozoa were found in brain and muscles. This is the first report of acute visceral S. calchasi-associated sarcocystosis in naturally infected avian hosts.

Fatal coxiellosis in Swainson's Blue Mountain Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus).

Three Swainson's Blue Mountain Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus), ranging from 6 to 8 months of age, presented with lethargy, emaciation, and progressive neurologic signs. The first one died 24 hours after the onset of clinical signs, and the other two were euthanized 10 to 14 days after the onset of progressive neurologic disease. Clinical signs in these lorikeets included head pressing, hemiparesis, seizures, obtunded mentation, weakness, and lethargy. Two of the lorikeets had hepatomegaly, and one had splenomegaly on gross examination. Histopathology revealed disseminated microgranulomas in the liver, spleen, and brain, and lymphohistocytic perivascular encephalitis and cephalic vasculitis. Electron microscopic examination of macrophages in brain lesions revealed spherical to rod-shaped prokaryotic organisms with a trilaminar cell wall. Molecular analysis revealed a novel species of Coxiella. This is believed to be the first report of a Coxiella sp. causing disease in a lorikeet.

Pituitary adenoma with galactorrhea in an adult male cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis).

Although endocrinopathies in many animal species are well documented, an adult, male, wild-caught cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) presented an interesting diagnostic challenge. Previous physical examinations had been unremarkable with the exception of a heart murmur. The animal presented with ulcerative dermatitis in the dorsal cervical area, and physical exam revealed white material around the nipples. A white milky substance could be expressed bilaterally from the nipples. Hematologic, serologic, and urine samples revealed glucosuria, ketonuria, and hyperglycemia. Further diagnostic testing confirmed persistent hyperglycemia and revealed elevated serum prolactin and cortisol levels. During subsequent imaging studies, the animal underwent cardiac arrest and was euthanized. Gross necropsy findings included an enlarged pituitary gland. A prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma was confirmed on histopathology. In light of the results of serum biochemical analyses, the additional diagnosis of type II non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was made. This case represents the first documented antemortem diagnosis of a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor in a cynomolgus macaque.

Comparison of two heavy metal chelators for treatment of lead toxicosis in cockatiels.

OBJECTIVE: To compare efficacy and safety of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and Ca EDTA for treatment of experimentally induced lead toxicosis in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). ANIMALS: 137 (69 females, 68 males) healthy cockatiels between 6 months and 8 years old. PROCEDURE: Lead toxicosis was induced by placing lead shot in the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with Ca EDTA (40 mg/kg of body weight, IM, q 12 h), DMSA (40 or 80 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h), and sodium sulfate salts (SSS; 0.5 mg/kg, PO, q 48 h) was initiated 4 days after induction of lead toxicosis. Blood lead concentrations were determined, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Number of birds surviving and blood lead concentrations were compared among groups. RESULTS: In Phase II of the study, administration of DMSA and Ca EDTA significantly decreased blood lead concentrations when used alone or in combination in birds with lead toxicosis. Addition of SSS did not result in further decreases in lead concentrations. Eight of 12 (66.7%) birds without lead toxicosis given 80 mg of DMSA/kg did not survive to the end of the study. Lesions related to treatment with chelating agents were not detected during necropsy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: DMSA and Ca EDTA are effective chelating agents in cockatiels. Because DMSA is administered orally, it may be easier than other chelating agents for bird owners to administer at home. However, the narrow margin of safety of DMSA indicates that this agent should be used with caution.

Detection of Sarcocystis neurona in the brain of a Grant's zebra (Equus burchelli bohmi).

An 8-yr-old intact male Grant's zebra (Equus burchelli bohmi) was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of California-Davis after being found in the owner's pasture obtunded and in lateral recumbency. The animal was hypothermic, weak, and unwilling to rise. There was no evidence of trauma, and the zebra had seemed normal the preceding evening. There was no extensor rigidity, and cranial nerve reflexes were normal. Flexor and extensor reflexes were weak upon initial examination. A complete blood count and serum biochemistry analysis revealed a mild leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypocalcemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Urinalysis was normal, and a urine toxicology screen for alkaloids was negative. No toxic substance was found in the hay or pasture grasses although the owner reported the presence of yellow star thistle and mushrooms in the pasture. The cerebrospinal fluid cytologic and biochemical analyses were normal, but antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona were detected. The zebra died despite aggressive supportive therapy over a 4-day period. The necropsy demonstrated severe gastrointestinal nematodiasis that could account for hypoalbuminemia and electrolyte abnormalities. Histopathologic examination of the nervous system revealed focal areas of perivascular cuffing in the brainstem that were comprised mainly of lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells. Immunohistochemical staining identified the presence of S. neurona merozoites associated with the lesions. This zebra probably died from severe endoparasitism that resulted in malabsorption, weakness, and recumbency rather than from encephalitis associated with S. neurona merozoites. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis has not been reported previously in nondomestic equids.

An experimental soft-release of oil-spill rehabilitated American coots (Fulica americana): II. Effects on health and blood parameters.

The Unocal-Metrolink oil spill of 21 February 1995 resulted in approximately 7800 barrels of San Joaquin crude oil being deposited into the San Gabriel River in Huntington Beach, CA, USA. In order to determine long-term pathological effects of oil exposure and rehabilitation, hematological and serum biochemical parameters for both rehabilitated (RHB) American coots (Fulica americana) and reference (REF) coots were examined every 3-4 weeks (56, 81, 108 and 140 days post oil exposure) after birds were cleaned, rehabilitated and soft-released. Most significant differences in monthly comparisons between RHB and REF birds occurred 56 days following oil exposure. Total white blood cell (WBC) count, albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio and calcium concentration were higher in RHB birds compared to REF birds 56 days post oil exposure. In addition, mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities, and creatinine, total protein (TP) and globulin concentrations were lower in RHB birds. Blood results from 56 days post oil exposure for RHB coots which subsequently died were compared to blood results from days 108 and 140 for REF coots which survived. Oiled and rehabilitated birds which died had significantly higher WBCs, packed cell volume, TP and globulin concentrations, and lower A:G ratio, MCH, MCHC, glucose and sodium concentrations compared to REF birds which survived. Blood result differences detected at 3-4-week intervals between RHB and REF survivors, and differences detected between RHB coots which died and REF coots which survived, suggested that RHB coots developed an inflammatory response (infectious or non-septic) and, concurrently, may have experienced decreased immune responsiveness. Additionally, RHB coots experienced either an iron (Fe) utilization or Fe metabolism problem. These pathophysiological mechanisms were consistent with increased hemosiderin (stored Fe) present in the liver, spleen and kidney of necropsied RHB birds, and may have contributed to RHB coot mortality. When blood parameter differences were examined for their impact on survival time, it was determined that RHB coots had shorter survival times if they had very high cholesterol (> or =449 mg/dl) or chloride (> or =110 MEQ/l) concentrations on day 56 post oil exposure. Interestingly, the lack of differences between RHB and REF coots from day 81 through day 140 suggested that, from a hematologic and clinical chemistry perspective, coots which were oiled, rehabilitated, released and survived at least 3.5 months could not be differentiated from wild (REF) coots. From these findings it appears that blood analysis, coupled with post-release survival data, may help discern reasons for increased mortality of oiled and rehabilitated birds, compared to non-oiled reference birds.

Congenital defects in northern elephant seals stranded along the central California coast.

Eleven cases of congenital anomalies were identified in 210 (5%) juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) found stranded along the central California (USA) coast from 1 January 1988 to 31 December 1995. Seven individuals had mild-to-moderate hydrocephalus involving the lateral ventricles bilaterally, or the lateral and third ventricles. Two animals had severe cardiac anomalies: hypoplasia of the right ventricle with overriding aorta, and ventricular septal defect. Other anomalies included single cases of hydronephrosis, focal pulmonary dysplasia, and congenital epidermal angiomatosis. Common intercurrent disease processes were verminous pneumonia and arteritis, verminous enteritis and coliti, and splenic and hepatic hemosiderosis. The more severe anomalies were considered to be the cause of debilitation and stranding. Milder anomalies were found incidentally during routine gross necropsy and histopathologic examination.

Coccidioidomycosis in free-living California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in central California.

Coccidioidomycosis is described in seven California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) admitted to The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, California (USA), between January 1986 and December 1994. Diagnoses were confirmed by histology in all seven cases, culture in three cases, and serology in one case. These are believed to be the first published cases of coccidioidomycosis in free-ranging California sea lions.

Metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional cell origin in 66 free-living California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), 1979 to 1994.

Sixty-six (18%) cases of widely metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional cell origin were identified in 370 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded alive along the central California (USA) coast, between January 1979 and December 1994. Live animals were usually emaciated and anorectic, with perineal edema and occasionally hind-flipper paralysis or paresis. Large yellow caseous masses were observed in the sub-lumbar lymph nodes, often extending around the ureters resulting in hydroureter. Histologically, metastases were usually widespread, and the primary neoplastic focus undetectable. This is the highest reported prevalence among necropsied animals of neoplasia in a pinniped population to date.