ABSTRACT
Sinomenine is an alkaloid derived from Sinomenium acutum. Recent studies have found that sinomenine can inhibit various cancers by inhibiting the proliferation, migration and invasion of tumors and inducing apoptosis. This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of sinomenine on inhibiting the migration and invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. The results demonstrate that viabilities of A549 and H1299 cells were inhibited by sinomenine in a dose-dependent manner. When treated with sub-toxic doses of sinomenine, cell migration and invasion are markedly suppressed. Sinomenine decreases the mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and the extracellular inducer of matrix metalloproteinase (EMMPRIN/CD147), but elevates the expression of reversion-inducing cysteine-rich proteins with kazal motifs (RECK) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2. In addition, sinomenine significantly increases the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin but concomitantly decreases the expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin, suggesting that it suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, sinomenine downregulates oncogenic microRNA-21 (miR-21), which has been known to target RECK. The downregulation of miR-21 decreases cell invasion, while the upregulation of miR-21 increases cell invasion. Furthermore, the downregulation of miR-21 stimulates the expression of RECK, TIMP-1/-2, and E-cadherin, but reduces the expression of MMP-2/-9, EMMPRIN/CD147, and vimentin. Taken together, the results reveal that the inhibition of A549 cell invasion by sinomenine may, at least in part, be through the downregulating expression of MMPs and miR-21. These findings demonstrate an attractive therapeutic potential for sinomenine in lung cancer anti-metastatic therapy.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics , MicroRNAs/genetics , Morphinans/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/drug effects , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism , Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/genetics , Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/metabolismABSTRACT
The photolysis and photo-catalysis of ferrioxalate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide with UV irradiation (UV/ferrioxalate/H(2)O(2) process) for treating the commercial azo dye, reactive Black B (RBB), is examined. An effort is made to decolorize textile effluents at near neutral pH for suitable discharge of waste water. pH value, light source, type of initial catalyst (Fe(3+) or Fe(2+)) and concentration of oxalic acid (Ox) strongly affected the RBB removal efficiency. The degradation rate of RBB increased as pH or the wavelength of light declined. The optimal molar ratio of oxalic acid to Fe(III) is three, and complete color removal is achieved at pH 5 in 2h of the reaction. Applying oxalate in such a photo process increases both the RBB removal efficiency and the COD removal from 68% and 21% to 99.8% and 71%, respectively.
