Titanium wear from magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) for the treatment of spinal deformities in children.

Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) are an effective treatment method for early-onset scoliosis (EOS). In recent years, increasing titanium wear was observed in tissue adjacent to implants and in blood samples of these patients. This study aims to investigate the potential correlation between amount of metal loss and titanium levels in blood during MCGR treatment as well as influencing factors for metal wear. In total, 44 MCGRs (n = 23 patients) were retrieved after an average of 2.6 years of implantation and analyzed using a tactile measurement instrument and subsequent metal loss calculation. Titanium plasma levels (n = 23) were obtained using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The correlation of both parameters as well as influencing factors were analyzed. Titanium abrasion on MCGRs was observed in the majority of implants. There was no correlation of metal implant wear or titanium plasma values to the duration of MCGR implantation time, number of external lengthening procedures, patient's ambulatory status, gender, weight or height. Material loss on the MCGRs showed a positive correlation to titanium blood plasma values. The present study is one of the first studies to analyze retrieved MCGRs using high-precision metrological techniques and compare these results with ICP-MS analyses determining blood titanium values.

Reduced bone mineral density in adolescents with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and scoliosis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a progressive disease usually associated with loss of ambulation and progressive scoliosis. Immobilisation and glucocorticoid treatment are predisposing factors for reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Analysis of quantitative computed tomography revealed low BMD in thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) adolescents with untreated advanced scoliosis and comparison with the BMD values of healthy age-matched controls, based on quantitative computer tomography. METHODS: Thirty-seven DMD adolescents (age 15.6 ± 2.5 years) with spinal deformity were evaluated clinically and radiologically prior to definite spinal fusion and compared to 31 male and age-matched healthy individuals (age 15.7 ± 2.3 years). Data related to previous medical treatment, physiotherapy and ambulatory status was also analysed. Scoliotic curves were measured on plain sitting radiographs of the spine. The BMD Z-scores of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were calculated with QCTpro® (Mindways Software Inc., USA), based on data sets of preoperative, phantom pre-calibrated spinal computed tomography scans. RESULTS: A statistically significant lower BMD could be found in DMD adolescents, when compared to healthy controls, showing an average value for the lumbar spine of 80.5 ± 30.5 mg/cm3. Z-scores deteriorated from the upper thoracic towards the lower lumbar vertebrae. All but the uppermost thoracic vertebrae had reduced BMD values, with the thoracolumbar and lumbar region demonstrating the lowest BMD. No significant correlation was observed between BMD and the severity of the scoliotic curve, previous glucocorticoid treatment, cardiovascular impairment, vitamin D supplementation, non-invasive ventilation or physiotherapy. CONCLUSION: DMD adolescents with scoliosis have strongly reduced BMD Z-scores, especially in the lumbar spine in comparison to healthy controls. These findings support the implementation of a standardised screening and treatment protocol. Level of evidence/clinical relevance: therapeutic level III.

[Surgical "no-touch" distraction technique to correct pediatric scoliosis]. / Operative "No-touch"-Techniken zur Korrektur kindlicher Skoliosen.

OBJECTIVE: Reduction and retention of the scoliotic curve in children with progressive spinal deformities. INDICATIONS: Progressive neuromyopathic scoliosis which cannot be controlled conservatively (especially by walking disability), and/or development of a thorax insufficiency syndrome (TIS). CONTRAINDICATIONS: Insufficient soft tissue coverage; body weight < 11.4 kg; body mass index (BMI) > 25 or >50 kg; missing osseous anchoring structures (ribs); adult skeleton (usually age < 12 years at surgery); severe spasticity. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Indirect correction and distraction of the spinal deformity by two extendable, paravertebral telescopic implants, anchored to the cranial ribs and the iliac crest; the spine is not compromised surgically. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: Early functional therapy, no brace; multiple surgical (VEPTR®-system) or externally (magnetically controlled rods) controlled extensions per year. RESULTS: The surgical paravertebral "no-touch" technique for spine correction is particularly suitable for children with neuromyopathic scoliosis with a body weight > 11.4 kg. Our prospective group of children (n = 45), was treated with a combination of the classic vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR®) anchored to the ribs and iliac crest combined with a magnetically controlled telescopic implant (MAGEC®). The primary correction of >50% was achieved, while progression was effectively prevented over years. In 495 outpatient lengthening procedures, the rate of implant-associated complications requiring surgery was 3.7%. Of the 45 children, 13 (29%) underwent surgical revision. With the proposed surgical "no-touch" technique for scoliosis correction of pediatric neuromyopathic deformities, an effective reduction of the scoliotic curve can be achieved and maintained. Advantages of the method are a partial retention of spinal flexibility and a reduction of spinal ossifications, which facilitates dorsal spondylodesis as the final treatment.

The influence of beta-blockade on the hemodynamic effects of levosimendan in elderly (>or= 70 years) patients with acutely decompensated systolic heart failure.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of chronic beta-blockade on the hemodynamic parameters in elderly (>or= 70 years) patients with acutely decompensated systolic heart failure treated with levosimendan. Eighteen patients with acutely decompensated systolic heart failure (8 on chronic beta-blockade) were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were symptoms and signs of acute heart failure in the presence of: a) left ventricular ejection fraction < 0.35; b) cardiac index < 2.5 l/min/m2, c) pulmonary capillary wedge pressure > 15 mmHg; and d) systolic blood pressure between 90 and 110 mmHg. After completion of baseline hemodynamic measurements, a levosimendan intravenous infusion was started (initial loading dose given as an infusion of 24 microg/kg over 10 minutes, followed by a continuous infusion of 0.1 microg/kg/min for 24 hours). At the end of levosimendan infusion hemodynamic measurements were repeated. Demographic characteristics as well as baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not significantly different between patients not receiving beta-blockers (Group A) and those under beta-blockade (Group B), whereas heart rate was significantly lower in the latter. Treatment with levosimendan was associated with an increase in the cardiac index and a decrease in wedge pressure in both groups (Group A: 43.8% and 33%; p < 0.001 vs. baseline; Group B: 17.72% and 17.5%, p < 0.001 vs. baseline, respectively). Peripheral and pulmonary resistance significantly decreased in both groups (31% vs. 15%, p < 0.001 and 44.5% vs. 25%, p < 0.001, respectively). Thus, the beneficial hemodynamic effects of levosimendan are maintained in elderly patients with acute decompensated systolic heart failure treated with beta-blockers.