Advancements in the Management of Postoperative Air Leak following Thoracic Surgery: From Traditional Practices to Innovative Therapies.

Background: Postoperative air leak (PAL) is a frequent and potentially serious complication following thoracic surgery, characterized by the persistent escape of air from the lung into the pleural space. It is associated with extended hospitalizations, increased morbidity, and elevated healthcare costs. Understanding the mechanisms, risk factors, and effective management strategies for PAL is crucial in improving surgical outcomes. Aim: This review seeks to synthesize all known data concerning PAL, including its etiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and the range of available treatments from conservative measures to surgical interventions, with a special focus on the use of autologous plasma. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search of databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was conducted for studies and reviews published on PAL following thoracic surgery. The selection criteria aimed to include articles that provided insights into the incidence, mechanisms, risk assessment, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for PAL. Special attention was given to studies detailing the use of autologous plasma in managing this complication. Results: PAL is influenced by a variety of patient-related, surgical, and perioperative factors. Diagnosis primarily relies on clinical observation and imaging, with severity assessments guiding management decisions. Conservative treatments, including chest tube management and physiotherapy, serve as the initial approach, while persistent leaks may necessitate surgical intervention. Autologous plasma has emerged as a promising treatment, offering a novel mechanism for enhancing pleural healing and reducing air leak duration, although evidence is still evolving. Conclusions: Effective management of PAL requires a multifaceted approach tailored to the individual patient's needs and the specifics of their condition. Beyond the traditional treatment approaches, innovative treatment modalities offer the potential to improve outcomes for patients experiencing PAL after thoracic surgery. Further research is needed to optimize treatment protocols and integrate new therapies into clinical practice.

Ethical Concerns About ChatGPT in Healthcare: A Useful Tool or the Tombstone of Original and Reflective Thinking?

Artificial intelligence (AI), the uprising technology of computer science aiming to create digital systems with human behavior and intelligence, seems to have invaded almost every field of modern life. Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a textual AI application capable of creating human-like responses characterized by original language and high coherence. Although AI-based language models have demonstrated impressive capabilities in healthcare, ChatGPT has received controversial annotations from the scientific and academic communities. This chatbot already appears to have a massive impact as an educational tool for healthcare professionals and transformative potential for clinical practice and could lead to dramatic changes in scientific research. Nevertheless, rational concerns were raised regarding whether the pre-trained, AI-generated text would be a menace not only for original thinking and new scientific ideas but also for academic and research integrity, as it gets more and more difficult to distinguish its AI origin due to the coherence and fluency of the produced text. This short review aims to summarize the potential applications and the consequential implications of ChatGPT in the three critical pillars of medicine: education, research, and clinical practice. In addition, this paper discusses whether the current use of this chatbot is in compliance with the ethical principles for the safe use of AI in healthcare, as determined by the World Health Organization. Finally, this review highlights the need for an updated ethical framework and the increased vigilance of healthcare stakeholders to harvest the potential benefits and limit the imminent dangers of this new innovative technology.

Pedunculated Focal Nodular Hyperplasia: When in Doubt, Should We Cut It Out?

Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is the second most common benign hepatic tumor and can rarely present as an exophytic solitary mass attached to the liver by a stalk. Most FNH cases are usually detected as incidental findings during surgery, imaging or physical examination and have a high female predominance. However, the pedunculated forms of FNH are particularly rare and commonly associated with severe complications and diagnostic challenges. Hence, our study aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the available data on the pedunculated FNH cases among adults and children. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of different therapeutic options in treating this clinical entity. The use of imaging techniques is considered a significant addition to the diagnostic toolbox. Regarding the optimal treatment strategy, the main indications for surgery were the presence of symptoms, diagnostic uncertainty and increased risk of complications, based on the current literature. Herein, we also propose a management algorithm for patients with suspected FNH lesions. Therefore, a high index of suspicion and awareness of this pathology and its life-threatening complications, as an uncommon etiology of acute abdomen, is of utmost importance in order to achieve better clinical outcomes.

Predictive Factors for Anastomotic Leakage Following Colorectal Cancer Surgery: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?

Anastomotic leakage (AL) remains one of the most severe complications following colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery. Indeed, leaks that may occur after any type of intestinal anastomosis are commonly associated with a higher reoperation rate and an increased risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. At first, our review aims to identify specific preoperative, intraoperative and perioperative factors that eventually lead to the development of anastomotic dehiscence based on the current literature. We will also investigate the role of several biomarkers in predicting the presence of ALs following colorectal surgery. Despite significant improvements in perioperative care, advances in surgical techniques, and a high index of suspicion of this complication, the incidence of AL remained stable during the last decades. Thus, gaining a better knowledge of the risk factors that influence the AL rates may help identify high-risk surgical patients requiring more intensive perioperative surveillance. Furthermore, prompt diagnosis of this severe complication may help improve patient survival. To date, several studies have identified predictive biomarkers of ALs, which are most commonly associated with the inflammatory response to colorectal surgery. Interestingly, early diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of this complication may offer a significant opportunity to guide clinical judgement and decision-making.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Extrahepatic Cancers: A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now considered the main driver and leading cause of chronic liver disease globally. The umbrella term NAFLD describes a range of liver conditions closely related to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia. At the same time, several malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer, are considered to be common causes of death among patients with NAFLD. At first, our review herein aims to investigate the role of NAFLD in developing colorectal neoplasms and adenomatous polyps based on the current literature. We will also explore the connection and the missing links between NAFLD and extrahepatic cancers. Interestingly, any relationship between NAFLD and extrahepatic malignancies could be attributable to several shared metabolic risk factors. Overall, obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and related disorders may increase the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, early diagnosis of NAFLD is essential for preventing the progression of the disease and avoiding its severe complications. In addition, cancer screening and early detection in these patients may improve survival and reduce any delays in treatment.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1, as biomarkers for the nephro- and pneumoprotective effect of silibinin after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion: Confirmation by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR.

The present study investigated the potential nephro- and pneumoprotective effect of silibinin (Si) after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, by measuring pro-inflammatory factors. Sixty-three rats were randomly assigned into three groups, as follows: (a) the sham group (n = 7 rats), subjected to opening and closing the abdomen; (b) the control group (n = 28 rats), subjected to 45-min hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion; and (c) the silibinin group (n = 28), subjected to 45-min hepatic ischemia followed by intravenous administration of lyophilised SLB-HP-ß-CD before reperfusion. Control and silibinin groups were further subdivided into time-point groups, according to the duration of reperfusion. TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 expressions were determined immunohistochemically and by qrT-PCR at each time-point. Kidney TNF-α expression was significantly lower at 180 and 240 min, while lung TNF-α expression was significantly lower at 240 min. Comparison between the control and Si group at the same time-points showed very strong evidence of difference at 240 min, with the levels of IL-6 shifting towards lower values in the Si group. Finally, we found a high MCP-1 expression after 120 min. We conclude that hepatic I/R injury remotely increases pro-inflammatory mediators in the kidney and lung, whereas silibinin shows a time-dependent nephro- and pneumoprotective effect.

Differential effects of cisplatin combined with the flavonoid apigenin on HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh7 liver cancer cell lines.

The potential of apigenin (APG) to enhance cisplatin's (CDDP) chemotherapeutic efficacy was investigated in HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh7 liver cancer cell lines. The presence of 20 µM APG sensitized all cell lines to CDDP treatment (degree of sensitization based on the MTT assay: HepG2>Huh7>Hep3B). As reflected by sister chromatid exchange levels, the degree of genetic instability as well as DNA repair by homologous recombination differed among cell lines. CDDP and 20 µM APG cotreatment exhibited a synergistic genotoxic effect on Hep3B cells and a less than additive effect on HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Cell cycle delays were noticed during the first mitotic division in Hep3B and Huh7 cells and the second mitotic division in HepG2 cells. CDDP and CDDP + APG treatments reduced the clonogenic capacity of all cell lines; however, there was a discordance in drug sensitivity compared with the MMT assay. Furthermore, a senescence-like phenotype was induced, especially in Hep3B and Huh7 cells. Unlike CDDP monotherapy, the combined treatment exhibited a significant anti-invasive and anti-migratory action in all cancer cell lines. The fact that the three liver cancer cell lines responded differently, yet positively, to CDDP + APG cotreatment could be attributed to variations they present in gene expression. Complex mechanisms seem to influence cellular responses and cell fate.

Abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report.

Abdominal wall endometriosis has an incidence of 0.3-1% of extrapelvic disease. Α 48-year-old female appeared in the emergency department with cellulitis in a lower midline incision. She had an endometrioma of the anterior abdominal wall removed 2 years ago. After 5 months, she underwent an open repair of an incisional hernia with a propylene mesh, which was unfortunately infected and removed 1 month later. Finally, in July 2019, she had her incisional hernia repaired with a biological mesh. Imaging modalities revealed a large mass below the umbilicus. Mass was punctured under ultrasound guidance. Cytology reported the recurrence of endometriosis. Pain and abdominal mass associating with menses were the two most typical symptoms. Wide local excision of the mass with at least 1 cm negative margins is the preferred treatment. Surgeons should maintain a high suspicion of the disease in reproductive women with circular pain, palpable abdominal mass and history of uterine-relating surgery.

The hepatoprotective effect of silibinin after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in a rat model is confirmed by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the positive effect of silibinin after IV administration as silibinin-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin lyophilized product, by measuring gene expression and liver tissue protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, matrix metalloproteinases matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2. METHODS: 63 Wistar rats of age 13.24±4.40 weeks underwent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the liver. The animals were randomized into three groups: Sham (S; n = 7); Control (C; n-28); silibinin (Si; n-28). The C and Si groups underwent 45 min ischemia. Si received silibinin-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin intravenously immediately before reperfusion at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Both groups were further divided into 4 subgroups, based on euthanasia time (i.e., 60, 120, 180 and 240 min). KEY FINDINGS: qRT-PCR results confirmed the statistically significant reduction of the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors at 240 min after I/R injury (tumor necrosis factor-α: P < 0.05; MCR1: P < 0.05) and matrix metalloproteinases (matrix metalloproteinases 2: P < 0.05; matrix metalloproteinases 3: P < 0.05) and the increase of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 in liver tissue in the Si group. Moreover, results of immunohistochemistry levels confirmed that at 240 min pro-inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α: P < 0.05; MCR1: P < 0.05) and matrix metalloproteinases ( matrix metalloproteinases 2: P < 0.05; matrix metalloproteinases 3: P < 0.05) had a statistically significantly lower expression in the Si group while tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 had a higher expression. CONCLUSIONS: Silibinin may have a beneficial effect on the protection of the liver.

Artificial Intelligence in Colorectal Cancer Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment. A New Era.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms has permeated the medical field with great success. The widespread use of AI technology in diagnosing and treating several types of cancer, especially colorectal cancer (CRC), is now attracting substantial attention. CRC, which represents the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy in both men and women, is considered a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Our review herein aims to provide in-depth knowledge and analysis of the AI applications in CRC screening, diagnosis, and treatment based on current literature. We also explore the role of recent advances in AI systems regarding medical diagnosis and therapy, with several promising results. CRC is a highly preventable disease, and AI-assisted techniques in routine screening represent a pivotal step in declining incidence rates of this malignancy. So far, computer-aided detection and characterization systems have been developed to increase the detection rate of adenomas. Furthermore, CRC treatment enters a new era with robotic surgery and novel computer-assisted drug delivery techniques. At the same time, healthcare is rapidly moving toward precision or personalized medicine. Machine learning models have the potential to contribute to individual-based cancer care and transform the future of medicine.

Are patients willing to be informed on the risks and complications associated with the proposed therapy? A survey on informed consent.

INTRODUCTION: Informed consent is essential to the patient-physician relationship. The paternalistic old-time approach used by physicians to achieve the optimal management is changing today; detailed medical information must be disclosed to the patients regarding their health problem. AIM: The aim of this study was to highlight the value of informed consent in the context of medical practice as well as to emphasize its importance through the prism of human rights. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A patient survey was conducted in two public and one private hospitals in Greece. Eighty-three inpatients from the Surgical Departments of Democritus University Hospital of Alexandroupolis (DUHA), Laikon University Hospital of Athens (LUHA) and a private hospital were included in the study. A questionnaire regarding patients' attitude towards informed consent was distributed to patients prior to surgery. RESULTS: The majority of the patients (63.86% in DUHA, 59.38% in LUHA, and 78.95% in the private hospital) opted for full disclosure regarding the course and development of their condition. CONCLUSION: Patients want to be informed about their treatment options and possible complications so that they can make decisions about their treatment after a comprehensive and understandable discussion.

Gallbladder perforation. A case series and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Gallbladder perforation (GBP) is an uncommon life-threatening and almost exclusive complication of cholecystitis. It is often associated with relatively high morbidity and mortality rates due to delay in diagnosis. GBP still continues to be a challenging issue for the surgeons. Most cases can only be diagnosed during surgery. The aim of this retrospective, case series was to present our clinical experience with gallbladder perforation and to provide an overview of promoting factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup and management of GBP on the basis of recent literature review. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study involved four patients with gallbladder perforation (three males and one female), who were treated in our department from May 2019 to November 2019. We made a retrospective analysis of these patients and a review of the related literature. RESULTS: According to Niemeier's classification, all patients had type II gallbladder perforation. Mean age was 70 years (range 50-85 years). They had also significant comorbidities, of which diabetes mellitus was the most common (three patients). Ultrasonography was the initial mode of investigation in these four patients. Out of the four cases, three patients underwent immediate intervention and only one patient was initially managed conservatively with intravenous antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis of gallbladder perforation and immediate intervention are of crucial importance. Clinical examination, diagnostic imaging and high index of suspicion of this severe condition would be significant in establishing an early diagnosis of the perforation. KEY WORDS: Cholecystitis, Gallbladder perforation, Niemeier.

Comparison of Two Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty Techniques in Hypospadias Reconstructive Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Hypospadias repair is a challenging type of urogenital reconstructive surgery for which different techniques are currently used. The purpose of this study is to determine the outcomes of distal, mid-shaft and proximal hypospadias repair using two new variations of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty (TIP-δ and TIP-ελ) and to compare their complication rates with other already known operative techniques made from the same surgical team. METHODS: This study included 269 boys with hypospadias. The preoperative meatal site was distal in 179 patients, mid-shaft in 44 and proximal in 46. The average age at the operation was 17 months. The technique applied in distal hypospadias was Mathieu in 77 patients, Snodgrass in 28 and (TIP)-δ in 74. The technique applied in mid-shaft hypospadias was a tubularized island flap (TIF) in 12 patients, onlay island flap (OIF) in 5 and TIP-ελ in 27. The operative technique for proximal hypospadias was TIF in 15 patients, OIF in 10 and TIP-ελ in 21. TIP-δ and TIP-ελ are two new variants of TIP operation that we have used in our clinic since 2010. Postoperative complications were recorded, and we compared the outcomes obtained by applying the techniques. RESULTS: The use of TIP-δ in the distal hypospadias and long TIP-ελ in the mid-shaft and proximal hypospadias resulted in significantly fewer complications than the other surgical methods across all cases of hypospadias (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The type of tissue used for neourethral coverage seems to play an important role in the outcome of hypospadias surgery.

Use of natural anti-oxidants in experimental animal models of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) remains a clinical challenge in liver surgery, trauma and transplantation, contributing to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thus, its impact, not only on the liver itself but also on remote tissues, has been studied during the last years. Different natural anti-oxidant substances have been researched in animal models, implementing different times of ischemia, aiming to test new therapeutic interventions. OBJECTIVE: A literature review has been conducted with two goals: (1) to identify different natural anti-oxidants studied in experimental models; and (2) to summarize the various times of ischemia employed. METHODS: Scientific papers published in PubMed for the period 2000-2020 were searched and reviewed. RESULTS: More than 30 natural anti-oxidants have been tested. The time of ischemia ranged from 15 to 90 min with 60 min used most frequently, followed by 45 min. No studies were found with time exceeding 90 min. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of research has been conducted on the use and protective effect of natural anti-oxidants in experimental animal models. Based on the published papers, 45-60 min seems to be the optimal duration of ischemia.

A Case of Symptomatic Gallbladder Agenesis with Chronic Abdominal Symptoms.

The anatomical area of the extrahepatic bile ducts exhibits plethora of anatomic variants. The detailed study and comprehension of anatomic variations of extrahepatic bile ducts is a prerequisite in order to avoid the intraoperative biliary or tract damages, but they are also necessary for the targeted treatment of any complications. Gallbladder agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary tree with an estimated incidence of 0.007-0.027% in surgical series which is much lower compared to the incidence of other gallbladder anomalies. It may be asymptomatic, but sometimes is associated with symptoms such as upper quadrant abdominal pain, which may be mistaken for cholecystitis and can lead the patient to the operating room. We present a case of a 30-year-old male patient without any significant past medical history presented with a 2-year history of upper abdominal complaints, dyspepsia, epigastric abdominal pain and weight loss, normal laboratory workup and unclear radiological signs which led him to exploratory laparoscopy due to the patient's chronic symptoms, in order to exclude the presence of another underlying pathologic process. In addition to our case presentation, a relative  review of literature was conducted. As a conclusion, examinations, such as transabdominal ultrasonography, may be misleading and MCRP should be the principal method of investigation to establish a presumptive diagnosis. However, in cases with a strong suspicion for a different underlying pathology, further investigation with exploratory laparoscopy may be warranted.

Sister Mary Joseph's nodule: the tip of an iceberg.

Sister Mary Joseph's nodule is a rare palpable umbilical cutaneous lesion as a result of an advanced intra-abdominal and/or pelvic malignancy. It may be the initial clinical manifestation of an underlying malignancy, originating mainly from the gastro-digestive or genito-urinary tract. We present here a rare case of a 67-year-old woman with a Sister Mary Joseph's nodule. On surgical exploration, a left ovarian mass with anterior abdominal wall metastasis, ascites and extensive intra-abdominal metastatic lesions were observed. Our case report shows the importance of a careful physical examination as an invaluable diagnostic tool in modern medicine. High index of suspicion and awareness of this clinical sign may lead to the detection of the primary source, to its diagnosis and more appropriate treatment options in order to achieve the best survival possibility. KEY WORDS: Ovarian cancer, Sister Mary Joseph's nodule, Umbilical metastasis.

Predictive Nomograms for Synchronous Liver and Lung Metastasis in Colon Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The risk of distant metastasis may be estimated using predictive nomograms. The purpose of this study is to develop nomograms that may assess the risk of synchronous metastasis in patients with colon cancer. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database between 2010 and 2014. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with synchronous liver and lung metastasis. RESULTS: Overall, 117,934 patients with colon cancer (59,076 [50.1%] males, mean age 68.3 ± 13.7 years) were included, of which 16,135 (13.7%) had liver metastasis and 4601 (3.9%) had lung metastasis at diagnosis. Age, sex, race, tumor location, tumor grade, CEA levels, perineural invasion, and T and N stage were associated with the presence of liver metastasis. Age, sex, race, tumor location, tumor grade, CEA levels, perineural invasion, T stage, N stage, and presence of liver metastasis were associated with the presence of lung metastasis. These variables were used to construct predictive nomograms. The c-indexes for both predictive models were 0.97. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we constructed predictive nomograms for the presence of synchronous liver and lung metastasis in patients with colon cancer that may be used to quantitatively assess the risk of synchronous metastatic disease.

Risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in patients with colorectal cancer: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with colorectal cancer are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to the general population. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors of cardiovascular mortality in patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS: A retrospective review of the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was performed between 2010 and 2014. Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) for cardiovascular mortality were calculated by comparing the number of expected deaths in the United States according to the National Center for Health Statistics (ICD-10 codes I00-I99) to the number of observed deaths in the database. Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors. RESULTS: Overall, 164,719 patients were identified (mean age at diagnosis 67 ± 13.9 years, 52.7% males, 47.3% females), of which 4854 (2.9%) died from cardiovascular disease. The majority of cardiovascular deaths occurred during the first year after diagnosis (2658, 54.8%). SMRs for cardiovascular mortality were 11.7 (95% CI 11.3-12) among all patients, 12.1 (95% CI 11.7-12.6) for male patients and 11.1 (95% CI 10.6-11.6) for female patients, with SMRs being higher for younger patients. Older age, male sex, African-American race, elevated CEA and not undergoing curative surgery were independent risk factors of cardiovascular mortality in patients with colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: Patients with colorectal cancer are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death, especially during the first year after diagnosis. Older age, male sex, African-American race, elevated CEA and not undergoing curative surgery are independent risk factors of cardiovascular death.

Predictive Nomograms for Synchronous Distant Metastasis in Rectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Nomograms may be used to quantitatively assess the probability of synchronous distant metastasis. The purpose of this study is to develop predictive nomograms for the presence of synchronous distant metastasis in patients with rectal cancer. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database was performed for cases diagnosed between 2010 and 2014. RESULTS: Overall, 46,785 patients with rectal cancer (27,773 [59.4%] males, mean age 63.9 ± 13.7 years) were identified, of which 6192 (13.2%) had liver metastasis, 2767 (5.9%) had lung metastasis, and 601 (1.3%) had bone metastasis. Age, sex, race, tumor location, tumor grade, primary tumor size, CEA levels, perineural invasion, T stage, N stage, and liver and lung metastasis were found to be associated with the presence of synchronous distant metastasis and were included in the predictive models. The c-indexes of these models were 0.99 for liver metastasis, 0.99 for lung metastasis, and 1 for bone metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Predictive nomograms for the presence of synchronous liver, lung, and bone metastasis were developed and may be used to predict the probability of distant disease in rectal cancer patients.

Conditional survival analysis for patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) undergoing curative resection.

BACKGROUND: Conditional survival (CS) analysis represents a novel method that may provide more clinically relevant perspectives to cancer management compared to conventional survival analysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate conditional survival for patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) undergoing curative resection. METHODS: A retrospective search of the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was performed. Three-year conditional survival (i.e. probability that a patient will survive an additional 3 years if they have already survived x years) was calculated using the formula 3-CS(x)=OS(x+3)/OS(x), where OS represents overall survival. RESULTS: Overall, 1303 patients were identified, with mean age of 65.2 ± 12.2 years. 3-CS at 1, 3 and 5 years after diagnosis was 35.8%, 47.5% and 44.7%. Patients with stage III/IV disease demonstrated small differences in 3-CS at 1-3 years after diagnosis compared to patients with stage I/II disease (I/II: 35.1%-46.9%, III/IV: 22.1%-42.3%, d range 0.09-0.28), while their 3-CS was superior at 4-5 years after diagnosis (I/II: 41.5%-45.7%, III/IV: 57.9%-64.7%, d range 0.24-0.47). Differences in 3-CS based on tumor grade displayed a different pattern, with small differences at 1-3 years after diagnosis (well-differentiated (WD)/moderately-differentiated (MD): 34.6%-50%, poorly-differentiated (PD)/undifferentiated (UD): 23.2%-40%, d range 0.18-0.24), before becoming prominent at 4-5 years after diagnosis (WD/MD: 50%-51.7%, PD/UD: 24.1%-30%, d range 0.4-0.55). CONCLUSIONS: Conditional survival for patients with IPMNs undergoing resection improves over time, especially for patients with high-risk features. This information may be used to provide individualized approaches to surveillance and treatment.