Metabolomics Assessment of Volume Overload-Induced Heart Failure and Oxidative Stress in the Kidney.

The incidence of heart failure (HF) is increasing and is associated with a poor prognosis. Moreover, HF often coexists with renal dysfunction and is associated with a worsened outcome. In many experimental studies on cardiac dysfunction, the function of other organs was either not addressed or did not show any decline. Until now, the exact mechanisms for initiating and sustaining this interaction are still unknown. The objective of this study is to use volume overload to induce cardiac hypertrophy and HF in aortocaval fistula (ACF) rat models, and to elucidate how volume overload affects metabolic changes in the kidney, even with normal renal function, in HF. The results showed the metabolic changes between control and ACF rats, including taurine metabolism; purine metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; glycerophospholipid metabolism; and histidine metabolism. Increasing the downstream purine metabolism from inosine to uric acid in the kidneys of ACF rats induced oxidative stress through xanthine oxidase. This result was consistent with HK-2 cells treated with xanthine and xanthine oxidase. Under oxidative stress, taurine accumulation was observed in ACF rats, indicating increased activity of the hypotaurine-taurine pathway as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress in the kidney. Another antioxidant, ascorbic acid 2-sulfate, showed lower levels in ACF rats, indicating that the kidneys experience elevated oxidative stress due to volume overload and HF. In summary, metabolic profiles are more sensitive than clinical parameters in reacting to damage to the kidney in HF.

c-Src facilitates tumorigenesis by phosphorylating and activating G6PD.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), excessive activation of which has been considered to be involved in tumorigenesis. Here, we show that tyrosine kinase c-Src interacts with and phosphorylates G6PD at Tyr 112. This phosphorylation enhances catalytic activity of G6PD by dramatically decreasing its Km value and increasing its Kcat value for substrate glucose-6-phosphate. Activated G6PD therefore augments the PPP flux for NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate production which is required for detoxification of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and biosynthesis of cancer cells, and eventually contributes to tumorigenesis. Consistently, c-Src activation is closely correlated with tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of G6PD in clinical colorectal cancer samples. We thus uncover another aspect of c-Src in promoting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, deepening our understanding of c-Src as a proto-oncogene.

c-Src Promotes Tumorigenesis and Tumor Progression by Activating PFKFB3.

Reprogramming of glucose metabolism is a key event in tumorigenesis and progression. Here, we show that active c-Src stimulates glycolysis by phosphorylating (Tyr194) and activating PFKFB3, a key enzyme that boosts glycolysis by producing fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and activating PFK1. Increased glycolysis intermediates replenish non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and serine pathway for biosynthesis of cancer cells. PFKFB3 knockout (KO) cells and their counterpart reconstituted with PFKFB3-Y194F show comparably impaired abilities for proliferation, migration, and xenograft formation. Furthermore, PFKFB3-Y194F knockin mice show impaired glycolysis and, mating of these mice with APCmin/+ mice attenuates spontaneous colon cancer formation in APCmin/+ mice. In summary, we identify a specific mechanism by which c-Src mediates glucose metabolism to meet cancer cells' requirements for maximal biosynthesis and proliferation. The PFKFB3-Tyr194 phosphorylation level highly correlates with c-Src activity in clinical tumor samples, indicating its potential as an evaluation for tumor prognosis.

Differential expression of LvHSP60 in shrimp in response to environmental stress.

Previous studies showed that heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) was known to function as a molecular chaperone and is an important factor in the innate immune system in mammals. However, little was known about the physiological relevance of HSP60 in marine invertebrates. This study focuses on long-term monitoring of the differential expression of LvHSP60 in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in response to environmental stress. The thermal aggregation assay elucidated that LvHSP60 was an effective chaperone. It also suggested that LvHSP60 may employ the cell's intrinsic mechanism to start the immunizing process. Using quantitative real-time PCR to monitor gene expression showed that LvHSP60 was variable under different stresses including environmental stress and pathogenic infection. LvHSP60 was speculated to regulate the adaptive responses to overcome environmental stresses. In conclusion, our study proved that LvHSP60 plays an important role in the intrinsic immune system and stress responses of shrimp.