A novel exopolysaccharide from the biofilm of Thermus aquaticus YT-1 induces the immune response through Toll-like receptor 2.

Bacterial polysaccharides are known to induce the immune response in macrophages. Here we isolated a novel extracellular polysaccharide from the biofilm of Thermus aquaticus YT-1 and evaluated its structure and immunomodulatory effects. The size of this polysaccharide, TA-1, was deduced by size-exclusion chromatography as 500 kDa. GC-MS, high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, electrospray ionization-MS/MS, and NMR revealed the novel structure of TA-1. The polysaccharide is composed of tetrasaccharide-repeating units of galactofuranose, galactopyranose, and N-acetylgalactosamine (1:1:2) and lacked acidic sugars. TA-1 stimulated macrophage cells to produce the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Screening of Toll-like receptors and antibody-blocking experiments indicated that the natural receptor of TA-1 in its immunoactivity is TLR2. Recognition of TA-1 by TLR2 was confirmed by TA-1 induction of IL-6 production in peritoneal macrophages from wild-type mice but not from TLR2(-/-) mice. TA-1, as a TLR2 agonist, could possibly be used as an adjuvant and could enhance cytokine release, which increases the immune response. Furthermore, TA-1 induced cytokine release is dependent on MyD88/TIRAP.

Characterization of a rolling-circle replication plasmid from Thermus aquaticus NTU103.

The thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus NTU103 harbors a 1,965-bp plasmid, pTA103. Sequencing analysis revealed that pTA103 contains two open reading frames. One of the open reading frames (orf2) shares no significant homology with protein in the data bank. The other one has 50% similarity and 34% identity with RepA-like protein of pRm1132f, which is a rolling-circle replication (RCR) plasmid isolated from Sinorhizobium meliloti. S1 nuclease analysis demonstrated that pTA103 contains a single-stranded intermediate, confirming that pTA103 replicates via RCR mechanism. Sequence data also revealed putative double-stranded origin and single-stranded origin sites, indicating the importance of these cis elements in pTA103 replication.

Structural elucidation of phosphoglycolipids from strains of the bacterial thermophiles Thermus and Meiothermus.

The structures of two major phosphoglycolipids from the thermophilic bacteria Thermus oshimai NTU-063, Thermus thermophilus NTU-077, Meiothermus ruber NTU-124, and Meiothermus taiwanensis NTU-220 were determined using spectroscopic and chemical analyses to be 2'-O-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho) -3'-O-(alpha-N-acetyl-glucosaminyl)-N-glyceroyl alkylamine [PGL1 (1)] and the novel structure 2'-O-(2-acylalkyldio-1-O-phospho)-3'-O-(alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-N-glyceroyl alkylamine [PGL2 (2)]. PGL2 (2) is the first phosphoglycolipid identified with a 2-acylalkyldio-1-O-phosphate moiety. The fatty acids of the phosphoglycolipids are mainly iso-C(15:0), -C(16:0), and -C(17:0) and anteiso-C(15:0) and -C(17:0). The ratios of PGL2 (2) to PGL1 (1) are significantly altered when grown at different temperatures for three strains, T. thermophilus NTU-077, M. ruber NTU-124, and M. taiwanensis NTU-220, but not for T. oshimai NTU-063. Accordingly, the ratios of iso- to anteiso-branched fatty acids increase when grown at the higher temperature.

Structural determination of the polar glycoglycerolipids from thermophilic bacteria Meiothermus taiwanensis.

The polar glycolipids were isolated from the thermophilic bacteria Meiothermus taiwanensis ATCC BAA-400 by ethanol extraction and purified by Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel column chromatography. The fatty acid composition of O-acyl groups in the glycolipids was obtained by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis on their methyl esters derived from methanolysis and was made mainly of C(15:0) (34.0%) and C(17:0) (42.3%) fatty acids, with the majority as branched fatty acids (over 80%). Removal of O-acyl groups under mild basic conditions provided two glycolipids, which differ only in N-acyl substitution on a hexosamine. Electrospray mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that one has a C(17:0) N-acyl group and the other hydroxy C(17:0) in a ratio of about 1 : 3.5. Furthermore, complete de-lipidation with strong base followed by selective N-acetylation resulted in a homogeneous tetraglycosyl glycerol. The linkages and configurations of the carbohydrate moiety were then elucidated by MS and various NMR analyses. Thus, the major glycolipid from M. taiwanensis ATCC BAA-400 was determined with the following structure: alpha-Galp(1-6)-beta-Galp(1-6)-beta-GalNAcyl(1,2)-alpha-Glc(1,1)-Gro diester, where N-acyl is C(17:0) or hydroxy C(17:0) fatty acid and the glycerol esters were mainly iso- and anteisobranched C(15:0) and C(17:0).

Structure of a major glycolipid from Thermus oshimai NTU-063.

The structure of a major glycolipid isolated from the thermophilic bacteria Thermus oshimai NTU-063 was elucidated. The sugar and fatty acid compositions were determined by GC-MS and HPLC analysis on their methanolysis and methylation derivatives, respectively. After removal of both O- and N-acyl groups by alkaline treatment, the glycolipid was converted to a fully acetylated tetraglycosyl glycerol derivative, the structure of which was then determined by NMR spectroscopy (TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC). Thus, the complete structure of the major glycolipid from T. oshimai NTU-063 was established as beta-Glcp-(1-->6)-beta-Glcp-(1-->6)-beta-GlcpNAcyl-(1-->2)-alpha-Glcp-(1-->1)-glycerol diester. The N-acyl groups on the 2-amino-2-deoxy-glucopyranose residue are C15:0 and C17:0 fatty acids, whereas the fatty acids of glycerol diester are more heterogeneous including both straight and branched fatty acids from C15:0 to C18:0.

Rubrobacter taiwanensis sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, radiation-resistant species isolated from hot springs.

Two novel bacteria, with an optimum growth temperature of approximately 60 degrees C, were isolated from Lu-shan hot springs in the central region of Taiwan. These isolates were aerobic, thermophilic, halotolerant, pink-pigmented, heterotrophic and resistant to gamma-radiation. Both pleomorphic, short, rod-shaped cells and coccoid cells were observed. Strains LS-286 (= ATCC BAA-452 = BCRC 17198) and LS-293T (= ATCC BAA-406T = BCRC 17173T) represented a novel species of the genus Rubrobacter, according to a phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, DNA-DNA hybridization, biochemical features and fatty acid composition. The name Rubrobacter taiwanensis sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species, with LS-293T as the type strain.

Identification of a gene encoding Lon protease from Brevibacillus thermoruber WR-249 and biochemical characterization of its thermostable recombinant enzyme.

A gene encoding thermostable Lon protease from Brevibacillus thermoruber WR-249 was cloned and characterized. The Br. thermoruber Lon gene (Bt-lon) encodes an 88 kDa protein characterized by an N-terminal domain, a central ATPase domain which includes an SSD (sensor- and substrate-discrimination) domain, and a C-terminal protease domain. The Bt-lon is a heat-inducible gene and may be controlled under a putative Bacillus subtilis sigmaA-dependent promoter, but in the absence of CIRCE (controlling inverted repeat of chaperone expression). Bt-lon was expressed in Escherichia coli, and its protein product was purified. The native recombinant Br. thermoruber Lon protease (Bt-Lon) displayed a hexameric structure. The optimal temperature of ATPase activity for Bt-Lon was 70 degrees C, and the optimal temperature of peptidase and DNA-binding activities was 50 degrees C. This implies that the functions of Lon protease in thermophilic bacteria may be switched, depending on temperature, to regulate their physiological needs. The peptidase activity of Bt-Lon increases substantially in the presence of ATP. Furthermore, the substrate specificity of Bt-Lon is different from that of E. coli Lon in using fluorogenic peptides as substrates. Notably, the Bt-Lon protein shows chaperone-like activity by preventing aggregation of denatured insulin B-chain in a dose-dependent and ATP-independent manner. In thermal denaturation experiments, Bt-Lon was found to display an indicator of thermostability value, Tm of 71.5 degrees C. Sequence comparison with mesophilic Lon proteases shows differences in the rigidity, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding of Bt-Lon relevant to thermostability.

Meiothermus taiwanensis sp. nov., a novel filamentous, thermophilic species isolated in Taiwan.

Two novel filamentous bacterial isolates, strains WR-30T and WR-220, with an optimum growth temperature of approximately 55-60 degrees C were isolated from Wu-rai hot springs in the northern part of Taiwan. These isolates were aerobic, thermophilic, non-sporulating, red-pigmented and heterotrophic and formed extremely long, filamentous trichomes from cells of different lengths. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA, DNA-DNA hybridization, morphological and biochemical features and fatty acid composition revealed that the isolates represent a novel species of the genus Meiothermus. The name Meiothermus taiwanensis sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species. The type strain of M. taiwanensis is strain WR-30T (= ATCC BAA-399T = CCRC 17170T = DSM 14542T); strain WR-220 (= ATCC BAA400 = CCRC 17171 = DSM 14543) is a reference strain.

Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, N2O-producing species isolated from hot springs.

Two novel thermophilic bacterial strains, with an optimum growth temperature of between 50 and 60 degrees C, were isolated from the Chi-ban Hot Springs in eastern Taiwan. Strains CB-225 and CB-226(T) were aerobic, thermophilic, non-sporulating, yellow-pigmented heterotrophic organisms. These strains exhibited an unusual denitrification reaction, reducing nitrite, but not nitrate, with the production of N2O only. On the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, DNA-DNA similarity data, morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and fatty acid compositions, it was found that the novel strains belonged to the genus Pseudoxanthomonas and represented a novel species within this genus, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis is proposed; the type strain is CB-226(T) (= ATCC BAA-404(T) = CCRC 17172(T)). P. taiwanensis differs from the only member of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, the mesophilic species Pseudoxanthomonas broegbernensis, in that it exhibits a higher growth temperature and different morphological characteristics, such as the absence of polar flagella.