ABSTRACT
The identification of the Huntington's disease (HD) mutation as a CAG/polyglutamine repeat expansion enabled the generation of transgenic rodent models and gene-targeted mouse models of HD. Of these, mice that are transgenic for an N-terminal huntingtin fragment have been used most extensively because they develop phenotypes with relatively early ages of onset and rapid disease progression. Although the fragment models have led to novel insights into the pathophysiology of HD, it is important that models expressing a mutant version of the full-length protein are analysed in parallel. We have generated congenic C57BL/6 and CBA strains for the HdhQ150 knock-in mouse model of HD so that homozygotes can be analysed on an F1 hybrid background. Although a significant impairment in grip strength could be detected from a very early age, the performance of these mice in the quantitative behavioural tests most frequently used in preclinical efficacy trials indicates that they are unlikely to be useful for preclinical screening using a battery of conventional tests. However, at 22 months of age, the Hdh(Q150/Q150) homozygotes showed unexpected widespread aggregate deposition throughout the brain, transcriptional dysregulation in the striatum and cerebellum and decreased levels of specific chaperones, all well-characterised molecular phenotypes present in R6/2 mice aged 12 weeks. Therefore, when strain background and CAG repeat length are controlled for, the knock-in and fragment models develop comparable phenotypes. This supports the continued use of the more high-throughput fragment models to identify mechanisms of pathogenesis and for preclinical screening.
Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Huntington Disease/genetics , Huntington Disease/physiopathology , Mice , Animals , Blotting, Western , Exons , Female , Huntingtin Protein , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Mice, Transgenic , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Phenotype , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Trinucleotide Repeat ExpansionABSTRACT
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited progressive neurological disorder for which there is no effective therapy. It is caused by a CAG/polyglutamine repeat expansion that leads to abnormal protein aggregation and deposition in the brain. Several compounds have been shown to disrupt the aggregation process in vitro, including a number of benzothiazoles. To further explore the therapeutic potential of the benzothiazole aggregation inhibitors, we assessed PGL-135 and riluzole in hippocampal slice cultures derived from the R6/2 mouse, confirming their ability to inhibit aggregation with an EC50 of 40 microM in this system. Preliminary pharmacological work showed that PGL-135 was metabolically unstable, and therefore, we conducted a preclinical trial in the R6/2 mouse with riluzole. At the maximum tolerated dose, we achieved steady-state riluzole levels of 100 microM in brain. However, this was insufficient to inhibit aggregation in vivo and we found no improvement in the disease phenotype.
Subject(s)
Huntington Disease/drug therapy , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacokinetics , Riluzole/pharmacokinetics , Thiazoles/metabolism , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Animals , Benzothiazoles , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Genotype , Huntington Disease/genetics , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Inbred CBA , Mice, Transgenic , Neuroprotective Agents/chemistry , Organ Culture Techniques , Riluzole/chemistry , Thiazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
Previous work has shown that administration of the neurotrophin NT-3 intrathecally or to the proximal stump can prevent axotomy-induced sensory neuron loss and that NT-3 can stimulate sensory neuron differentiation in vitro. We have examined the effect of axotomy and systemic NT-3 administration on neuronal loss, apoptosis (defined by morphology and activated caspase-3 immunoreactivity), and nestin expression (a protein expressed by neuronal precursor cells) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following axotomy of the adult rat sciatic nerve. Systemic administration of 1.25 or 5 mg of NT-3 over 1 month had no effect on the incidence of apoptotic neurons but prevented the overall loss of neurons seen at 4 weeks in vehicle-treated animals. Nestin-immunoreactive neurons began to appear 2 weeks after sciatic transection in untreated animals and steadily increased in incidence over the next 6 weeks. NT-3 administration increased the number of nestin-immunoreactive neurons at 1 month by two- to threefold. Nestin-IR neurons had a mean diameter of 20.78 +/- 2.5 microm and expressed the neuronal markers neurofilament 200, betaIII-tubulin, protein gene product 9.5, growth associated protein 43, trkA, and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Our results suggest that the presence of nestin in DRG neurons after nerve injury is due to recent differentiation and that exogenous NT-3 may prevent neuron loss by stimulating this process, rather than preventing neuron death.
