Cilostazol Ameliorates Motor Dysfunction and Schwann Cell Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

This study investigated the effects of cilostazol on motor dysfunction, spinal motor neuron abnormalities, and schwannopathy in rats with diabetes. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in rats via femoral intravenous streptozotocin (STZ) injection (60 mg/kg). After successful DM induction, cilostazol was administered on day 15 via oral gavage (100 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks until sacrifice. Behavioral assays, including motor function, were performed weekly. The sciatic nerve, L5 spinal cord, and spinal ventral root were collected to evaluate the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myelin protein zero (P0), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. DM rats displayed decreased running speeds, running distances, and toe spread but increased foot pressure. In addition, loss of non-myelinating Schwann cells and myelin sheaths was observed in the sciatic nerve and L5 spinal ventral root. Reduced numbers of motor neurons were also found in the L5 spinal ventral horn. Cilostazol administration significantly potentiated running speed and distance; increased hind paw toe spread; and decreased foot pressure. In the sciatic nerve and L5 spinal ventral root, cilostazol treatment significantly improved non-myelinated Schwann cells and increased myelin mass. ChAT expression in motor neurons in the spinal ventral horn was improved, but not significantly. Cilostazol administration may protect sensorimotor function in diabetic rats.

Optimal Post-Operative Nalbuphine Dose Regimen: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Patients with Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

Background and Objectives: Optimal opioid analgesia is an excellent analgesia that does not present unexpected adverse effects. Nalbuphine, acting on the opioid receptor as a partial mu antagonist and kappa agonist, is considered a suitable option for patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Therefore, we aim to investigate the appropriate dosage of nalbuphine for post-operative pain management in patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: Patients were randomly categorized into low, medium, and high nalbuphine groups. In each group, a patient control device for post-operative pain control was programed with a low (0.05 mg/kg), medium (0.10 mg/kg), or high (0.20 mg/kg) nalbuphine dose as a loading dose and each bolus dose with a lockout interval of 7 min and without background infusion. Primary and secondary outcomes included the post-operative pain scale and nalbuphine consumption, and episodes of post-operative opioid-related adverse events and satisfactory scores. Results: The low-dosage group presented a higher initial self-reported pain score in comparison to the other two groups for the two hours post-op (p = 0.039) but presented lower nalbuphine consumption than the other two groups for four hours post-op (p = 0.047). There was no significant difference in the analysis of the satisfactory score and adverse events. Conclusions: An appropriate administration of nalbuphine could be 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg at the initial four hours; this formula could be modified to a lower dosage (0.05 mg/kg) in the post-operative management of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Peripheral Nerve Denervation in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Is Reduced by Cilostazol.

Background and Objective: Our previous study demonstrated that consistent treatment of oral cilostazol was effective in reducing levels of painful peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats. As diabetic neuropathy is characterized by hyperglycemia-induced nerve damage in the periphery, this study aims to examine the neuropathology as well as the effects of cilostazol treatments on the integrity of peripheral small nerve fibers in type I diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: A total of ninety adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups: (1) naïve (control) group; (2) diabetic rats (DM) group for 8 weeks; DM rats receiving either (3) 10 mg/kg oral cilostazol (Cilo10), (4) 30 mg/kg oral cilostazol (Cilo30), or (5) 100 mg/kg oral cilostazol (Cilo100) for 6 weeks. Pain tolerance thresholds of hind paws toward thermal and mechanical stimuli were assessed. Expressions of PGP9.5, P2X3, CGRP, and TRPV-1 targeting afferent nerve fibers in hind paw skin and glial cells in the spinal dorsal horn were examined via immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results: Oral cilostazol ameliorated the symptoms of mechanical allodynia but not thermal analgesia in DM rats. Significant reductions in PGP9.5-, P2X3-, CGRP, and TRPV-1-labeled penetrating nerve fibers in the epidermal layer indicated denervation of sensory nerves in the hind paw epidermis of DM rats. Denervation significantly improved in groups that received Cilo30 and Cilo100 in a dose-dependent manner. Cilostazol administration also suppressed microglial hyperactivation and increased astrocyte expressions in spinal dorsal horns. Conclusions: Oral cilostazol ameliorated hyperglycemia-induced peripheral small nerve fiber damage in the periphery of diabetic rats and effectively mitigated diabetic neuropathic pain via a central sensitization mechanism. Our findings present cilostazol not only as an effective option for managing symptoms of neuropathy but also for deterring the development of diabetic neuropathy in the early phase of type I diabetes.

AAV-glycine receptor α3 alleviates CFA-induced inflammatory pain by downregulating ERK phosphorylation and proinflammatory cytokine expression in SD rats.

BACKGROUND: Glycine receptors (GlyRs) play key roles in the processing of inflammatory pain. The use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene therapy in human clinical trials has shown promise, as AAV generally causes a very mild immune response and long-term gene transfer, and there have been no reports of disease. Therefore, we used AAV for GlyRα1/3 gene transfer in F11 neuron cells and into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to investigate the effects and roles of AAV-GlyRα1/3 on cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory response. METHODS: In vitro experiments were performed using plasmid adeno-associated virus (pAAV)-GlyRα1/3-transfected F11 neurons to investigate the effects of pAAV-GlyRα1/3 on cell cytotoxicity and the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-mediated inflammatory response. In vivo experiment, the association between GlyRα3 and inflammatory pain was analyzed in normal rats after AAV-GlyRα3 intrathecal injection and after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) intraplantar administration. Intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 delivery into SD rats was evaluated in terms of its potential for alleviating CFA-induced inflammatory pain. RESULTS: The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory signaling and neuronal injury marker activating transcription factor 3 (ATF-3) were evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence; the level of cytokine expression was measured by ELISA. The results showed that pAAV/pAAV-GlyRα1/3 transfection into F11 cells did not significantly reduce cell viability or induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation or ATF-3 activation. PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation in F11 cells was repressed by the expression of pAAV-GlyRα3 and administration of an EP2 inhibitor, GlyRαs antagonist (strychnine), and a protein kinase C inhibitor. Additionally, intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 administration to SD rats significantly decreased CFA-induced inflammatory pain and suppressed CFA-induced ERK phosphorylation, did not induce obvious histopathological injury but increased ATF-3 activation in dorsal root ganglion (DRGs). CONCLUSIONS: Antagonists of the prostaglandin EP2 receptor, PKC, and glycine receptor can inhibit PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation. Intrathecal AAV-GlyRα3 administration to SD rats significantly decreased CFA-induced inflammatory pain and suppressed CFA-induced ERK phosphorylation, did not significantly induce gross histopathological injury but elicited ATF-3 activation. We suggest that PGE2-induced ERK phosphorylation can be modulated by GlyRα3, and AAV-GlyRα3 significantly downregulated CFA-induced cytokine activation.

Trachway® flexible stylet facilitates the correct placement of double-lumen endobronchial tube: a prospective, randomized study.

BACKGROUND: The mainstream facilitation of one-lung ventilation is using double-lumen endobronchial tubes. However, it is more difficult to be positioned properly and more likely to cause airway injuries. How to place double-lumen endobronchial tubes rapidly and correctly is important for thoracic anesthesiologists. METHODS: One hundred eight patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of I to III were 20 years of age or over, and required one-lung ventilation for thoracic surgery. They were randomly assigned to the conventional technique group (n = 36), the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy group (n = 36), or the Trachway® flexible stylet group (n = 36). The primary endpoint was the time needed for intubation. T1, the time from the tip of the blade passing between the patient's lips to identification of the vocal cords; and T2, the time from identification of the vocal cords to the bronchial lumen was in the correct position. RESULTS: T1 had no significant difference between groups, but T2 was significantly shorter in the Trachway® flexible stylet group (p < 0.0001) and longer in the conventional technique group (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Using Trachway® flexible stylet for correct placement of double-lumen endobronchial tubes not only significantly shortened the intubation time, but also reduced incidence of carinal injuries. It is an alternative, and a choice with good safety. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02364622, 18/02/2015, Retrospectively registered.

Sciatic Nerve Intrafascicular Injection Induces Neuropathy by Activating the Matrix Modulators MMP-9 and TIMP-1.

Background: Peripheral nerve block (PNB) under echo guidance may not prevent intrafascicular anesthetic injection-induced nerve injury. This study investigated whether unintended needle piercing alone, or the intrafascicular nerve injectant could induce neuropathy. Methods: 120 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 1) group S, only the left sciatic nerve was exposed; 2) group InF-P, the left sciatic nerve was exposed and pierced with a 30 G needle; 3) group InF-S, left sciatic nerve was exposed and injected with saline (0.9% NaCl 30 µL); 4) group InF-R, left sciatic nerve was exposed and injected with 0.5% (5 mg/mL, 30 µL) ropivacaine. Behaviors of thermal and mechanical stimuli responses from hindpaws, sciatic nerve vascular permeability and tight junction protein expression, and macrophage infiltration were assessed. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and TIMP-1 and MMP-9 activation at the injection site and the swollen, and distal sites of the sciatic nerve were measured by cytokine array, western blotting, and immunofluorescence of POh14 and POD3. Results: Intrafascicular saline and ropivacaine into the sciatic nerve, but not needle piercing alone, significantly induced mechanical allodynia that lasted for seven days. In addition, the prior groups increased vascular permeability and macrophage infiltration, especially in the swollen site of the sciatic nerve. Thermal hypersensitivity was induced and lasted for only 3 days after intrafascicular saline injection. Obvious upregulation of TIMP-1 and MMP-9 on POh6 and POh14 occurred regardless of intrafascicular injection or needle piercing. Compared to the needle piercing group, the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 was significantly higher in the intrafascicular injectant groups at the injected and swollen sites of the sciatic nerve. Although no gross changes in the expressions of tight junction proteins (TJPs) claudin-5 and ZO-1, the TJPs turned to apparent fragmentation and fenestration-like degenerative change in swollen endothelial cells and thickened microvessels. Conclusion: Intrafascicular nerve injection is a distinct mechanism that induces neuropathy. It is likely that the InF nerve injection-induced neuropathy was largely due to dramatic, but transient, increases in enzymatic activities of MMP-9 and activating TIMP-1 in the operated nerves. The changes in enzymatic activities then contributed to certain levels of extracellular matrix degradation, which leads to increases in endoneurial vascular permeability.

Cuff inflation technique is better than Magill forceps technique to facilitate nasotracheal intubation guiding by GlideScope® video laryngoscope.

Video laryngoscopy is often selected to assist nasotracheal intubation in allowing better laryngeal visualization, although there is no comparative study evaluating the effectiveness between auxiliary techniques by using Magill forceps and inflated cuff in GlideScope video laryngoscopy for nasotracheal intubation. Fifty-one of 100 patients in a Magill forceps group and 47 of 100 patients in a cuff inflation group were included in the final analysis in this randomized, single-blind, parallel, clinical trial study. Induction agents were routinely administered according to body weight, while intubation time spent, attempts, and related side effects were recorded. Compared to the Magill forceps group, the cuff inflation technique shortened the total intubation time (70.0 ± 24.5 s vs. 87.0 ± 25.0 s, p = 0.001) and the time of advancing the nasotracheal tube from oropharyngeal space into the trachea (25.9 ± 16.4 s vs. 42.3 ± 21.2 s, p < 0.001). However, the number of intubation attempts was not significantly different between groups. During tube advancement, the tube was rotated to accommodate the glottis and trachea more frequently in the cuff inflation group (p = 0.009), but the blade of the laryngoscope shifted and was adjusted to the proper position more frequently in the Magill forceps group (p < 0.001). In the Magill forceps group, the tube cuff might be clipped incidentally and the intubator might shift their gaze away from the screen during intubation, although there was no significant difference in intubation-related side effects between groups. Unlike the conventional approach, nasotracheal intubation with the GlideScope® video laryngoscope using the auxiliary technique of cuff inflation could be more suited than using Magill forceps.

Persistent Postsurgical Pain in Oral Cancer Patients Reconstructed with Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap.

Background and Objectives: The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is widely used in head and neck reconstruction, but the postoperative thigh sensory function lacks sufficient evaluation. The present study reports the postsurgical pain and cancer-related quality of life (QoL) in different stages of oral cancer patients receiving anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap reconstruction. Materials and Methods: Patients were subgrouped into postoperative early-, mid-, and late-recovery stages (postoperative 0.5-1 years, 1-2 years, and above 2 years) according to the time point of assessment. The QoL was examined using the EORTC C-30. Postsurgical donor and receipt site pain was evaluated through subjective reports and sensory tests. Results: Ninety-four patients were included in the final analysis. The functional and global health-related QoL significantly improved with time after surgery. However, spontaneous pain was reported in 57.7%, 72.3%, and 42% of patients in early-, mid-, and late-recovery stages, mainly in donor sites rather than in receipt sites. The highest incidence of donor site pain after ALT flap reconstruction in oral cancer surgery was in the mid-recovery stage but remained high in the late-recovery stage (56.8% and 36.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The postsurgical pain in the donor site might persist to or exhibit delayed onset one to two years postoperatively but is much improved after postoperatively two years later. A longer postsurgical follow-up for over two years for pain and sensory dysfunction is indicated.

Cilostazol Ameliorates Peripheral Neuropathic Pain in Streptozotocin-Induced Type I Diabetic Rats.

Background: Cilostazol is an antiplatelet agent with vasodilating, endothelial function restoration, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of oral cilostazol for preventing the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Materials and Methods: Ninety adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: 1) naïve (control); 2) diabetic (DM); 3) DM receiving 10 mg/kg cilostazol (cilo-10); 4) DM receiving 30 mg/kg cilostazol (cilo-30); and 5) DM receiving 100 mg/kg cilostazol (cilo-100). Hindpaw responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli were measured. Activation of microglia and astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) and expression of NaVs in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were examined with Western blots and immunofluorescence. Results: DM rats displayed decreased withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli (mechanical allodynia) and blunted responses to thermal stimuli. In addition, the expression of microglia increased, but astrocytes were reduced in the SDH. Upregulation of Nav -1.1, 1.2, -1.3, -1.6, and -1.7 and downregulation of Nav-1.8 were observed in the DRG. The DM rats receiving cilostazol all returned DM-induced decrease in withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli and attenuated neuropathic pain. Additionally, all cilostazol treatments suppressed the level of activated microglial cells and ameliorated the DM-induced decline in astrocyte expression levels in the SDH. However, only the rats treated with cilo-100 demonstrated significant improvements to the aberrant NaV expression in the DRG. Conclusion: Oral cilostazol can blunt the responses of mechanical allodynia and has the potential to treat diabetic neuropathy by attenuating NaV and glial cell dysregulation.

Upregulation of miR-133a-3p in the Sciatic Nerve Contributes to Neuropathic Pain Development.

The micro (mi)RNAs expressed in the sciatic nerve of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were evaluated in terms of their therapeutic potential in patients with diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP). Relative miRNA expression in sciatic nerve with DNP was analyzed using next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR. Potential downstream targets of miRNAs were predicted using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and the TargetScan database. In vitro experiments were performed using miR-133a-3p-transfected RSC96 Schwann cells. We performed micro-Western and Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses to verify the role of miR-133a-3p. In vivo, the association between miR-133a-3p with DNP was analyzed via AAV-miR-133a-3p intraneural (intra-epineural but extrafascicular) injection into the sciatic nerve of normal rats or injection of an miR-133a-3p antagomir into the sciatic nerve of diabetes mellitus (DM) rats. miR-133a-3p mimics transfected into RSC96 Schwann cells increased VEGFR-2, p38α MAPK, TRAF-6, and PIAS3 expression and reduced NFκB p50 and MKP3 expression. In normal rats, AAV-miR-133a-3p delivery via intraneural injection into the sciatic nerve induced mechanical allodynia and p-p38 MAPK activation. In DM rats, miR-133a-3p antagomir administration alleviated DNP and downregulated p-p38 phosphorylation. Overexpression of miR-133a-3p in the sciatic nerve induced such pain. We suggest that miR-133a-3p is a potential therapeutic target for DNP.

Pretreatment of ankle nerve block provides better postoperative analgesia than peri-incisional local anesthetic infiltration in hallux valgus correction surgery.

Adequate postoperative analgesia after hallux valgus (HV) correction surgery improves early mobilization and decreases hospital stay. Peripheral nerve block and peri-incisional local anesthetic (LA) infiltration are both widely used for pain management in orthopedic surgeries. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effects between the ankle block and peri-incisional infiltration technique in patients undergoing HV correction surgery. Ninety patients scheduled for hallux valgus correction surgery were randomly allocated into three groups. In group N, patients were pretreated with tibial and peroneal nerve blocks with 8-10 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine before surgery. In group P, patients received the same LA for peri-incisional infiltration preoperatively. In group C, patients underwent surgery without regional analgesic pretreatment. All patients had intravenous fentanyl patient control analgesia as part of multimodal postoperative pain management. Fentanyl consumption, rest and moving pain scale, and adverse effects were evaluated at postoperative 6 h (Poh6), Poh12, Poh 24, and Poh36, respectively. Patients receiving bilateral feet surgeries were excluded in this study. Seventy-five patients were enrolled into final analysis. The patients in group N expressed lower resting and moving pain scores at Poh6, but the pain scores turned similarly among the three groups following Poh12 and then. The total fentanyl consumption was significantly less in group N than in group P. The postoperative activities and mood disturbance were not significantly different between groups after Poh12 and then. We conclude that ankle block is better than peri-incisional LA infiltration in HV correction surgery in pain relief and fentanyl consumption.

Glycine receptors expression in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in prostaglandin E2 intrathecal injection models.

BACKGROUND: Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are involved in the development of spinal pain sensitization. The GlyRα3 subunit has recently emerged as a key factor in inflammatory pain pathways in the spinal cord dorsal horn (DH). Our study is to identify the extent of location and cell types expressing different GlyR subunits in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRGs). To tease out the possible actions of GlyRs on pain transmission, we investigate the effects produced by GlyRs on acute inflammatory pain by behavioral testing using prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) intrathecal injection models. Furthermore, we investigate the changes of GlyR expression in DRGs and spinal cord in rats after the induction of acute inflammatory pain. RESULTS: Compared to the vehicle administration, the PGE2 intrathecal injection model produced significantly higher hyperalgesia, which started 3 h after PGE2 injection and lasted more than 5 h. PGE2 intrathecal injection significantly decreased GlyRα1 and GlyRα3 protein expressions in the L5 DH at 1 h and lasted to 5 h, and similar results were observed in the L5 DRG at 5 h. Confocal microscopic images showed the co-existence of punctate gephyrin and GlyRα3 immunoreactivity (IR) throughout the gray matter of the spinal cord, mainly in DH laminae I-III neurons and in ventral horn neurons. It also showed the co-existence of punctate gephyrin and GlyRα3 IR in DRG neurons. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, PGE2 intrathecal injection significantly decreased protein expression of gephyrin, GlyRα1 and GlyRα3 in spinal cord DH and DRG. The gephyrin and GlyRα3 were localized on neuron cells both in the DH and DRG.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: Intrafascicular Local Anesthetic Injection Damages Peripheral Nerve-Induced Neuropathic Pain.

Peripheral nerve blockade (PNB) is advantageous for patients undergoing surgery to decrease the perioperative opioid consumptions and enhance recovery after surgery.Inadvertent local anesthetic (LA) administration into nerve fiber intrafascicularly easily results in unrecognized nerve injury. Using nerve block guidance either by ultrasound, electrical nerve stimulator, or using pressure devices does not prevent nerve damage, even though most of the nerve injury is transiently. The incidence of neurologic symptoms or neuropathy is in the range of 0.02-2.2%, and no significant difference of postoperative neurologic symptoms is found as compared with using ultrasound or guided nerve stimulator technique. However, intrafascicular lidocaine brought about macrophage migration into the damaged fascicle, Schwann cell proliferation, increased intensity of myelin basic protein, and shorten withdrawal time to mechanical stimuli. In dorsal root ganglion (DRG), intrafascicular LA injection increased the activated transcriptional factor 3 (ATF-3) and downregulated Nav1.8 (Nav1.8). In spinal dorsal horn (SDH), the microglia and astrocytes located in SDH were activated and proliferated after intrafascicular LA injection and returned to baseline gradually at the end of the month. This is a kind of neuropathic pain, so low injection pressure should be maintained, the correct needle bevel used, nerve stimulator or ultrasound guidance applied, and careful and deliberately slow injection employed as important parts of the injection technique to prevent intrafascicular LA administration-induced neuropathic pain.

Safety of high-current stimulation for intermittent intraoperative neural monitoring in thyroid surgery: A porcine model.

OBJECTIVES: During monitored thyroidectomy, displacement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) or vagus nerve (VN) in some complicated cases can increase the risk of injury. Although increasing the stimulus current can facilitate nerve mapping and localization, the safety of a high-current stimulus remains unknown. Therefore, this study evaluated the safety of a high-current stimulus in a porcine model. METHODS: Short-duration (1 minute), high-current (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mA at 4Hz) stimulus pulses were repeatedly applied to the RLN or VN in six anesthetized piglets. The safety of the high-current stimulus pulses was assessed in terms of hemodynamic stability during VN stimulation and in terms of nerve function integrity after VN and RLN stimulation. RESULTS: During VN stimulation with a high-current stimulus pulse, sinus rhythms in all six piglets showed stable heart rates, and mean arterial pressure was unaffected. High-current stimulation of the VN and the RLN did not affect electromyography amplitude or latency. CONCLUSION: This porcine study showed that applying a short-duration, high-current stimulus pulse to the VN or RLN during monitored thyroidectomy has no harmful effects. In clinical practice, a short duration of high-current stimulus can be applied to facilitate neural mapping, especially in patients with disoriented nerve positions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA. Laryngoscope, 128:2206-2212, 2018.

A comparison of the video laryngoscopes with Macintosh laryngoscope for nasotracheal intubation.

Nasotracheal intubation (NTI) is usually required in patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery. Though video-scopes have been demonstrated to perform well in oral endotracheal intubation, limited information is available concerning NTI. The aim of the study is to compare the efficiency of video-scopes and the traditional direct laryngoscopy in NTI. One hundred and eight patients scheduled for elective oro-maxillofacial surgery under nasotracheal intubation general anesthesia were randomly allocated into one of 3 groups of GlideScope, Pentax AirWay Scope, or Macintosh laryngoscope respectively. The primary outcome measures were total intubation time and each separate time interval (time A: for placement for the nasotracheal tube from selected nostril to oropharynx; time B: for use of devices to view the glottic opening; time C: for advancing nasotracheal tube from oropharynx into trachea and removing the scope from the oral cavity). The secondary outcomes were measurement of scores of modified naso-intubation difficulty scale (MNIDS) and attempts at intubation. RESULTS: Mean total intubation time and time C interval were taken with GlideScope (33.1 s and 9.7 s), Pentax (38.4 s and 12.9 s), and Macintosh (42.2 s and 14.9 s) respectively. There was a significant difference among the groups (total time, P = 0.03; time C, P = 0.02). The median score of MNIDS was significantly lower using GlideScope or Pentax compared with using Macintosh in NTI (P = 0.037) and difficult intubation grading by MNIDS presented as easier in the GlideScope group than in the Macintosh group (0.016). Using GlideScope, intubation was successful at the first attempt in 80% patients whereas only 65% and 72.5% with the Pentax and Macintosh (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: As compared with the Macintosh laryngoscope, the GlideScope video laryngoscope facilitated nasotracheal intubations with shortened intubation time and reduced intubation difficulty in patients undergoing oromaxillofacial surgery.

Desflurane reinforces the efficacy of propofol target-controlled infusion in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Whether low-concentration desflurane reinforces propofol-based intravenous anesthesia on maintenance of anesthesia for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy is to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether propofol-based anesthesia adding low-concentration desflurane is feasible for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Fifty-two patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled in the prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Induction of anesthesia was achieved in all patients with fentanyl 2 µg/kg, lidocaine 1 mg/kg, propofol 2 mg/kg, and rocuronium 0.8 mg/kg to facilitate tracheal intubation and to initiate propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) to effect site concentration (Ce: 4 µg/mL with infusion rate 400 mL/h). The patients were then allocated into either propofol TCI based (group P) or propofol TCI adding low-concentration desflurane (group PD) for maintenance of anesthesia. The peri-anesthesia hemodynamic responses to stimuli were measured. The perioperative psychomotor test included p-deletion test, minus calculation, orientation, and alert/sedation scales. Group PD showed stable hemodynamic responses at CO2 inflation, initial 15 minutes of operation, and recovery from general anesthesia as compared with group P. There is no significant difference between the groups in operation time and anesthesia time, perioperative psychomotor functional tests, postoperative vomiting, and pain score. Based on our findings, the anesthetic technique combination propofol and desflurane for the maintenance of general anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy provided more stable hemodynamic responses than propofol alone. The combined regimen is recommended for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex allows for optimization of neural monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The use of neuromuscular blocking agent may effect intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) during thyroid surgery. An enhanced neuromuscular-blockade (NMB) recovery protocol was investigated in a porcine model and subsequently clinically applied during human thyroid neural monitoring surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective animal and retrospective clinical study. METHODS: In the animal experiment, 12 piglets were injected with rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg and randomly allocated to receive normal saline, sugammadex 2 mg/kg, or sugammadex 4 mg/kg to compare the recovery of laryngeal electromyography (EMG). In a subsequent clinical application study, 50 patients who underwent thyroidectomy with IONM followed an enhanced NMB recovery protocol-rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg at anesthesia induction and sugammadex 2 mg/kg at the operation start. The train-of-four (TOF) ratio was used for continuous quantitative monitoring of neuromuscular transmission. RESULTS: In our porcine model, it took 49 ± 15, 13.2 ± 5.6, and 4.2 ± 1.5 minutes for the 80% recovery of laryngeal EMG after injection of saline, sugammadex 2 mg/kg, and sugammadex 4 mg/kg, respectively. In subsequent clinical human application, the TOF ratio recovered from 0 to >0.9 within 5 minutes after administration of sugammadex 2 mg/kg at the operation start. All patients had positive and high EMG amplitude at the early stage of the operation, and intubation was without difficulty in 96% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Both porcine modeling and clinical human application demonstrated that sugammadex 2 mg/kg allows effective and rapid restoration of neuromuscular function suppressed by rocuronium. Implementation of this enhanced NMB recovery protocol assures optimal conditions for tracheal intubation as well as IONM in thyroid surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA.

Sciatic Nerve Intrafascicular Lidocaine Injection-induced Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: Alleviation by Systemic Minocycline Administration.

OBJECTIVE: Peripheral nerve block guidance with a nerve stimulator or echo may not prevent intrafascicular injury. This study investigated whether intrafascicular lidocaine induces peripheral neuropathic pain and whether this pain can be alleviated by minocycline administration. METHODS: A total of 168 male Sprague-Dawley rats were included. In experiment 1, 2% lidocaine (0.1 mL) was injected into the left sciatic nerve. Hindpaw responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli, and sodium channel and activating transcription factor (ATF-3) expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and glial cells in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), were measured on days 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28. On the basis of the results in experiment 1, rats in experiment 2 were divided into sham, extraneural, intrafascicular, peri-injury minocycline, and postinjury minocycline groups. Behavioral responses, macrophage recruitment, expression changes of myelin basic protein and Schwann cells in the sciatic nerve, dysregulated expression of ATF-3 in the DRG, and activated glial cells in L5 SDH were assessed on days 7 and 14. RESULTS: Intrafascicular lidocaine induced mechanical allodynia, downregulated Nav1.8, increased ATF-3 expression in the DRG, and activated glial cells in the SDH. Increased expression of macrophages, Schwann cells, and myelin basic protein was found in the sciatic nerve. Minocycline attenuated intrafascicular lidocaine-induced neuropathic pain and nerve damage significantly. Peri-injury minocycline was better than postinjury minocycline administration in alleviating mechanical behaviors, mitigating macrophage recruitment into the sciatic nerve, and suppressing activated microglial cells in the spinal cord. DISCUSSION: Systemic minocycline administration alleviates intrafascicular lidocaine injection-induced peripheral nerve damage.