Perifosine, a Bioavailable Alkylphospholipid Akt Inhibitor, Exhibits Antitumor Activity in Murine Models of Cancer Brain Metastasis Through Favorable Tumor Exposure.

Metastatic brain tumors are regarded as the most advanced stage of certain types of cancer; however, chemotherapy has played a limited role in the treatment of brain metastases. Here, we established murine models of brain metastasis using cell lines derived from human brain metastatic tumors, and aimed to explore the antitumor efficacy of perifosine, an orally active allosteric Akt inhibitor. We evaluated the effectiveness of perifosine by using it as a single agent in ectopic and orthotopic models created by injecting the DU 145 and NCI-H1915 cell lines into mice. Initially, the injected cells formed distant multifocal lesions in the brains of NCI-H1915 mice, making surgical resection impractical in clinical settings. We determined that perifosine could distribute into the brain and remain localized in that region for a long period. Perifosine significantly prolonged the survival of DU 145 and NCI-H1915 orthotopic brain tumor mice; additionally, complete tumor regression was observed in the NCI-H1915 model. Perifosine also elicited much stronger antitumor responses against subcutaneous NCI-H1915 growth; a similar trend of sensitivity to perifosine was also observed in the orthotopic models. Moreover, the degree of suppression of NCI-H1915 tumor growth was associated with long-term exposure to a high level of perifosine at the tumor site and the resultant blockage of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, a decrease in tumor cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis. The results presented here provide a promising approach for the future treatment of patients with metastatic brain cancers and emphasize the importance of enriching a patient population that has a higher probability of responding to perifosine.

Efficacy of combination treatment using YHO-1701, an orally active STAT3 inhibitor, with molecular-targeted agents on cancer cell lines.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a critical role in regulating cell growth, survival, and metastasis. STAT3 signaling is constitutively activated in various types of hematologic or solid malignancies. YHO-1701 has been developed as an orally available STAT3 inhibitor. Herein, YHO-1701 in combination with molecular-targeted agents was evaluated. Additive or synergistic effects were observed in a broad spectrum of "combination treatment + cell line" pairs. Of particular interest was the synergistic effect observed when YHO-1701 was combined with imatinib or dasatinib [breakpoint cluster region-abelson (BCR-ABL) inhibitors], osimertinib [epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor], crizotinib, alectinib, or ceritinib [anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors]. The results further showed a close relationship between these synergistic effects and the cellular levels of the key molecules involved in the target pathways for YHO-1701 and each combination drug. The combination of YHO-1701 with alectinib resulted in significantly greater antitumor activity without exhibiting body weight loss in an NCI-H2228 [echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK fusion] xenograft mouse model. Our results strongly suggest that the logical strategy in combination with the novel STAT3 inhibitor YHO-1701 and other mechanistically different targeted agents, could be a promising approach in future clinical settings.

Antitumor activity of a novel oral signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibitor YHO-1701.

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is a key mediator of cancer cell proliferation, survival and invasion. Aberrant STAT3 has been demonstrated in various malignant cancers. YHO-1701 is a novel quinolinecarboxamide derivative generated from STX-0119. Here, we examined the effect of YHO-1701 on STAT3 and evaluated antitumor activity of YHO-1701 as a single agent and in combination. YHO-1701 inhibited STAT3-SH2 binding to phospho-Tyr peptide selectively and more potently than STX-0119 in biochemical assays. Molecular docking studies with STAT3 suggested more stable interaction of YHO-1701 with the SH2 domain. YHO-1701 exhibited approximately 10-fold stronger activity than STX-0119 in abrogating the STAT3 signaling pathway of human oral cancer cell line SAS. YHO-1701 also blocked multi-step events by inhibiting STAT3 dimerization and suppressed STAT3 promoter activity. As expected, YHO-1701 exerted strong antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines addicted to STAT3 signaling. Orally administered YHO-1701 showed statistically significant antitumor effects with long exposure to high levels of YHO-1701 at tumor sites in SAS xenograft models. Moreover, combination regimen with sorafenib led to significantly stronger antitumor activity. In addition, the suppression level of survivin (a downstream target) was superior for the combination as compared with monotherapy groups within tumor tissues. Thus, YHO-1701 had a favorable specificity for STAT3 and pharmacokinetics after oral treatment; it also contributed to the enhanced antitumor activity of sorafenib. The evidence presented here provides justification using for this approach in future clinical settings.

Exploration of the genes responsible for unlimited proliferation of immortalized lung fibroblasts.

Regulation mechanism of lung fibroblast proliferation remains unknown. To elucidate the key molecules in it, the authors here established mortal and immortal nontransformed lung fibroblast cell line/strains with elongated life span by telomerase reverse transcriptase gene transfection. Comparing the expression profiles of them, 51 genes were explored to be the candidates responsible for regulation of cellular proliferation of lung fibroblasts. This set of fibrobrast strains of same origin with different proliferative capacities may become useful model cells for research on lung fibroblast growth regulation and the candidate genes explored in this study may provide biomarkers or therapeutic targets of pulmonary fibrosis.

[Effect of PSK on Th1/Th2 balance in tumor-bearing mice].

We investigated the effect of PSK on Th1/Th2 balance in tumor-bearing mice. PSK was intraperitoneally administered to Meth A-bearing BALB/c mice, and PSK caused regression of the Meth A tumor. The results of Winn assay suggested that the effect of PSK was dependent on CD4+T cells. Furthermore, spleen cells were cultured with mitomycin C-treated Meth A, after which the cytokine concentration was measured by ELISA. IFN-gamma production was increased and IL-4 showed almost no change in PSK-administered mice. In another experiment, PSK was orally administered to colon 26-bearing mice in which tumors were inoculated into the subserosal space of the cecum. Mesenteric lymph nodes cells were cultured with mitomycin C-treated colon 26 cells. IFN-gamma production was increased, but not so much as to be statistically significant, and IL-4 was significantly decreased in PSK-administered mice. PSK increased IFN-gamma and IL-12 p70 production and decreased IL-4 production when spleen cells were stimulated with Con A together with PSK in vitro. As suggested from these results, PSK might induce cytokine production that works for Th1 differentiation, and suppress cytokine production that works for Th2 differentiation, and shift the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1 dominance in tumor-bearing mice.