Case report: A family of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome involving a CFH::CFHR1 fusion gene and CFHR3-1-4-2 gene duplication.

Mutations in the complement factor H (CFH) gene are associated with complement dysregulation and the development of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Several fusion genes that result from genomic structural variation in the CFH and complement factor H-related (CFHR) gene regions have been identified in aHUS. However, one allele has both CFHR gene duplication and CFH::CFHR1 fusion gene have not been reported. An 8-month-old girl (proband) presented with aHUS and was treated with ravulizumab. Her paternal grandfather developed aHUS previously and her paternal great grandmother presented with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). However, the proband's parents have no history of TMA. A genetic analysis revealed the presence of CFH::CFHR1 fusion gene and a CFHR3-1-4-2 gene duplication in the patient, her father, and her paternal grandfather. Although several fusion genes resulting from structural variations of the CFH-CFHR genes region have been identified, this is the first report of the combination of a CFH::CFHR1 fusion gene with CFHR gene duplication. Because the CFH-CFHR region is highly homologous, we hypothesized that CFHR gene duplication occurred. These findings indicate a novel pathogenic genomic structural variation associated with the development of aHUS.

Comparison of two apheresis systems for granulocyte collection without hydroxyethyl starch.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Granulocyte transfusion (GTX) is a treatment option for severe infections in patients with neutropenia. In previous studies, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was used to enhance red blood cell sedimentation for granulocyte collection (GC). However, there are safety concerns about HES, and HES is not readily available in some countries. Therefore, we compared the granulocyte counts and GC efficiency achieved by two apheresis systems without HES. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive GC procedures performed between July 2011 and March 2018 at our hospital were analysed. COBE Spectra was used until 5 February 2016, and Spectra Optia was used afterwards. HES was not used. RESULTS: Twenty-six GC procedures were performed, including 18 performed using COBE Spectra and 8 using Spectra Optia. When Spectra Optia was used, >1 × 1010 neutrophils were collected from seven of the eight (88%) procedures. Although there was no significant difference in the granulocyte yield between COBE Spectra-based and Spectra Optia-based GC procedures, the collection efficiency of Spectra Optia was significantly higher than that of COBE Spectra (p = 0.021). Furthermore, the granulocyte yields of Spectra Optia-based GC tended to be more strongly correlated with the peripheral blood neutrophil count on the day of apheresis than those of COBE Spectra-based GC. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Spectra Optia achieves greater GC efficiency than COBE Spectra, even without HES. GTX may be a therapeutic option for severe neutropenia, even in places where HES is not available.

Increased infiltration of CD4+ T cell in the complement deficient lymphedema model.

BACKGROUND: Lymphedema is an intractable disease that can be caused by injury to lymphatic vessels, such as by surgical treatments for cancer. It can lead to impaired joint mobility in the extremities and reduced quality of life. Chronic inflammation due to infiltration of various immune cells in an area of lymphedema is thought to lead to local fibrosis, but the molecular pathogenesis of lymphedema remains unclear. Development of effective therapies requires elucidation of the immunological mechanisms involved in the progression of lymphedema. The complement system is part of the innate immune system which has a central role in the elimination of invading microbes and acts as a scavenger of altered host cells, such as apoptotic and necrotic cells and cellular debris. Complement-targeted therapies have recently been clinically applied to various diseases caused by complement overactivation. In this context, we aimed to determine whether complement activation is involved in the development of lymphedema. RESULTS: Our mouse tail lymphedema models showed increased expression of C3, and that the classical or lectin pathway was locally activated. Complement activation was suggested to be involved in the progression of lymphedema. In comparison of the C3 knockout (KO) mouse lymphedema model and wild-type mice, there was no difference in the degree of edema at three weeks postoperatively, but the C3 KO mice had a significant increase of TUNEL+ necrotic cells and CD4+ T cells. Infiltration of macrophages and granulocytes was not significantly elevated in C3 KO or C5 KO mice compared with in wild-type mice. Impaired opsonization and decreased migration of macrophages and granulocytes due to C3 deficiency should therefore induce the accumulation of dead cells and may lead to increased infiltration of CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Vigilance for exacerbation of lymphedema is necessary when surgical treatments have the potential to injure lymphatic vessels in patients undergoing complement-targeted therapies or with complement deficiency. Future studies should aim to elucidate the molecular mechanism of CD4+ T cell infiltration by accumulated dead cells.

Complement biomarkers reflect the pathological status of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

Complement is involved in the pathogenesis of neuroimmune disease, but the detailed pathological roles of the complement pathway remain incompletely understood. Recently, eculizumab, a humanized anti-C5 monoclonal antibody, has been clinically applied against neuroimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Clinical application of eculizumab is also being investigated for another neuroimmune disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). However, while the effectiveness of eculizumab for NMOSD is extremely high in many cases, there are some cases of myasthenia gravis and GBS in which eculizumab has little or no efficacy. Development of effective biomarkers that reflect complement activation in these diseases is therefore important. To identify biomarkers that could predict disease status, we retrospectively analyzed serum levels of complement factors in 21 patients with NMOSD and 25 patients with GBS. Ba, an activation marker of the alternative complement pathway, was elevated in the acute phases of both NMOSD and GBS. Meanwhile, sC5b-9, an activation marker generated by the terminal complement pathway, was elevated in NMOSD but not in GBS. Complement factor H (CFH), a complement regulatory factor, was decreased in the acute phase as well as in the remission phase of NMOSD, but not in any phases of GBS. Together, these findings suggest that complement biomarkers, such as Ba, sC5b-9 and CFH in peripheral blood, have potential utility in understanding the pathological status of NMOSD.

Moyamoya Disease Associated with a Deficiency of Complement Component 6.

OBJECTIVES: Complement component 6 (C6) deficiency is a very rare genetic defect that leads to significantly diminished synthesis, secretion, or function of C6. In the current report, we demonstrate a previously undescribed, homozygous missense mutation in exon 17 of the C6 gene (c.2545A>G p.Arg849Gly) in a 35-year-old Japanese woman with moyamoya disease and extremely low levels of CH50 (<7.0 U/mL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The complement gene analysis using hybridization capture-based next generation sequencing was performed. CH50 was determined in patient's plasma mixed with plasma from a healthy donor or purified human C6 protein. Western blot was performed on patient's plasma using polyclonal antibodies against C6, with healthy donor's plasma and purified human C6 protein as positive controls while C6-depleted human serum as a negative control. The carriage of ring finger protein 213 variant (c.14576G>A p.Arg4859Lys), a susceptibility gene for moyamoya disease, was examined by direct sequencing. RESULTS: CH50 mixing test clearly showed a deficiency pattern, being rescued by addition of only 1% healthy donor's plasma or 1 µg/mL purified human C6 protein (1/50-1/100 of physiological concentration). Western blot revealed the absence of C6 protein in the patient's plasma, confirming a quantitative deficiency of C6. The ring finger protein 213 variant was not detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our data implies that unrecognized complement deficiencies would be harbored in cerebrovascular diseases with unknown etiologies.

HLA-haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning with very low-dose antithymocyte globulin for relapsed/refractory acute leukemia in pediatric patients: a single-institution retrospective analysis.

The prognosis of relapsed/refractory (R/R) pediatric acute leukemia is extremely poor. We retrospectively reviewed 20 consecutive pediatric patients with R/R acute leukemia who underwent a first HLA-haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning (haplo-RIC-PBSCT) with very low-dose antithymocyte globulin (ATG) between 2012 and 2019. Of these 20 patients, 7 patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 13 had acute myeloid leukemia. At the time of haplo-RIC-PBSCT, 15 patients had active disease. The median follow-up duration for survivors was 56 months (range 22-108 months). Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisted of tacrolimus, short-term methotrexate, methylprednisolone, and ATG 1.25 mg/kg on day-2. The 2-year cumulative incidence of transplant-related mortality and relapse were 5.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7-30.5%)] and 57.8% (95% CI 37.4-79.6%), respectively. Among the 20 patients, 16 (80.0%) developed grade III-IV acute GVHD, and 2 developed severe chronic GVHD. The 2-year event-free survival and overall survival rates were 40.0% (95% CI 19.3-60.0%) and 50.0% (95% CI 27.1-69.2%), respectively. Although the sample size is small, the survival outcomes of the present study are encouraging.

Characteristics and outcomes of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in Japanese elementary-school students on total parenteral nutrition.

The clinical outcomes of adolescents with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) remain unclear. Furthermore, no report has compared the characteristics of ARFID and restricting-type anorexia nervosa (R-AN) in elementary-school students on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). This study retrospectively reviewed inpatients diagnosed with ARFID or R-AN between 2005 and 2019. Patients with ARFID (two boys and seven girls) and R-AN (13 girls) were hospitalized because of rapid physical deterioration, and nutrition therapy was continued without withdrawal. The ARFID group exhibited significantly lower body weights at admission than the R-AN group and gained an average of 6.5 kg during hospitalization; furthermore, the monthly weight gain during hospitalization was significantly higher, and no relapse was observed. Early physical improvement in ARFID resulted in good recovery. In conclusion, TPN can be easily introduced to patients with ARFID, in whom aversive eating is a concern, and is a suitable treatment for ARFID.

Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Rescues Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota in XIAP Deficiency.

BACKGROUND: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency is an infrequent inborn error of immunity that is often associated with refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The natural course of XIAP deficiency is typically associated with poor prognosis, and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the only curative treatment. OBJECTIVE: To study (1) the effect of HCT on patients with XIAP deficiency undergoing HCT, (2) the status of XIAP deficiency-associated IBD after HCT, and (3) the gut microbiota of XIAP deficiency-associated IBD before and after HCT. METHODS: A nationwide survey of patients with XIAP deficiency was conducted. A spreadsheet questionnaire was collected from the physicians. Feces samples collected from the patients before and after HCT and their healthy family members were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients with XIAP deficiency underwent HCT by the end of March 2020, and 22 patients (84.6%) survived. All the survivors underwent a fludarabine-based reduced-intensity condition regimen. Acute graft-versus-host disease was observed in 17 patients (65.4%). Nineteen patients experienced refractory IBD before undergoing HCT. IBD improved remarkably after HCT. After HCT, the colonoscopic and pathological symptoms were restored to normal, and the pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index improved significantly. Gut microbiota indicated dysbiosis before HCT; however, it was improved to resemble that of the healthy family members after HCT. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that HCT has a favorable outcome for XIAP deficiency. HCT rescues gut inflammation and dysbiosis in patients with XIAP deficiency.

Candida guilliermondii-induced chorioretinitis in a patient with eating disorder.

Candidemia is a life-threatening fungal infection among patients undergoing long-term intravenous catheterization, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or immunosuppressive therapy, as well as patients with severe immunodeficiency or cancer. Endophthalmitis is a rare but severe form of ocular inflammation caused by infection of the intraocular cavity, which can lead to irreversible visual loss if not treated properly and promptly. The initial manifestation typically involves chorioretinitis, which requires early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Candida guilliermondii is a non-Candida albicans yeast species; its frequency of detection in Japan has increased in recent years, and many drug-resistant and less-chorioretinitis-related strains are known. Here, we describe a 17-year-old girl with an eating disorder who exhibited chorioretinitis because of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) caused by C. guilliermondii. The patient was hospitalized with severe weight loss, and she was presumed to develop candidemia because of immunosuppression during central parenteral nutrition therapy with a peripherally inserted central catheter. After onset of CRBSI, the catheter was immediately removed. Antifungal therapy was modified following fundus examination, fungal species confirmation, and drug sensitivity confirmation; thus, the patient recovered without long-term complications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. guilliermondii-induced chorioretinitis in a patient with an eating disorder. Prolonged malnutrition and immunosuppression during nutritional therapy create a risk of candidemia in patients with eating disorders. After the onset of CRBSI, early administration and appropriate use of antifungal agents, with respect to specific ocular complications, are important for reduction of both mortality and ocular complications.

Hepatic Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Detected in the Fetal Period That Caused an Oncologic Emergency.

A huge abdominal cystic lesion with ascites was detected in a male neonate at 31 weeks of gestation. Increasing ascites and the appearance of subcutaneous edema were detected, which caused fetal hydrops. The patient was delivered by emergency cesarean section at 33 weeks of gestation. The birth weight was 2,407 g, and the Apgar score was 8/9 points (1-/5-min values). Breathing at birth was stable, but the patient presented with remarkable abdominal distention due to the ascites. Later, the patient presented with tachypnea, and breathing gradually worsened, so an emergency operation was performed. There were no intraoperative findings within the small intestine, but there was a large amount of ascites and a cystic mass arising from the liver. The patient's breathing and circulation dynamics could only be stabilized by ascites removal, so only a tumor biopsy was performed. The pathological findings led to the diagnosis of an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, and steroids were administered early after surgery for the purpose of an anti-inflammatory effect and tumor shrinkage. The abdominal distention was alleviated, and blood examinations showed a reduced inflammatory response. There was no apparent shrinkage of the tumor, however; thus, radical surgical treatment was performed on day 24. The postoperative course was uneventful, so the patient was discharged on day 36. Seven years after the operation there has been no recurrence or distant metastasis.

Serum high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) levels reflect clinical features of childhood hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

PURPOSE: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a potentially lethal hyperinflammatory disorder. For further understanding of the pathogenesis of HLH, we examined serum levels of high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) in children with HLH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum HMGB1 levels were measured in 28 patients with HLH and 6 normal controls using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The patients were 21 boys and 7 girls, aged from 10 days to 21 years, with a median age of 8.5 years. The underlying conditions of HLH were infection-associated HLH in 18 patients, malignancy-associated HLH in 7 patients, and genetic HLH in 3 patients. The relations between serum HMGB1 levels and clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Serum HMGB1 levels were significantly higher in patients with HLH than in normal controls (median, 6.5 ng/mL, interquartile range, 4.25-13.1). The serial serum HMGB1 levels in one patient fell to reflect the disease activity. Serum HMGB1 levels were significantly higher in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) than in patients without DIC (p<0.001) and were also significantly higher in patients with central nervous system (CNS) complications than in patients without CNS complications (p<0.01). Serum HMGB1 levels were positively correlated with aspartate aminotransferase (rs =0.48, p<0.01, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient) and negatively correlated with fibrinogen (rs = -0.475, p=0.011) and hemoglobin (rs = -0.465, p=0.013). CONCLUSION: Serum HMGB1 levels reflect clinical features of childhood HLH. HMGB1 is a potential mediator involved in the pathogenesis and determining the clinical findings of HLH.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Presenting as Fanconi Syndrome.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) presenting as Fanconi syndrome (FS) is extremely rare. Here, we report a case of ALL presenting as bilateral nephromegaly following FS. A 2-year-old girl was unexpectedly diagnosed with bilateral nephromegaly. After 2 weeks, she developed general fatigue, thirst, and polyuria. Laboratory examinations revealed renal tubular acidosis, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and aminoaciduria, and FS was diagnosed. Replacement of bicarbonate and potassium did not improve her condition. Two weeks after the onset of FS, leukemic cells appeared on a peripheral blood smear, and the patient was diagnosed with precursor B-cell ALL presenting as nephromegaly and FS. Chemotherapy brought about a prompt resolution of acidosis and electrolyte abnormalities, without renal dysfunction. The patient remains well 4 years after the onset of the disease. Although extremely rare, FS should be recognized as one of the emerging renal complications of ALL.

Efficacy of Paclitaxel in a Patient with Inoperable Pulmonary Vein Leiomyosarcoma.

Pulmonary vein leiomyosarcoma is extremely rare and has a poor prognosis. Surgical resection with a wide margin seems to offer the only chance of cure. The role of adjuvant therapy is controversial, and the exact efficacy of chemotherapy has not been observed. In this report, we present an 18-year-old male patient with pulmonary vein leiomyosarcoma in whom the use of paclitaxel (PAX) proved to be effective. Because the tumor originated from the left superior pulmonary vein and diffused into the left atrial wall and the junction of the right superior pulmonary vein and left atrium, the en bloc excision of the tumor was impossible. The first-line chemotherapy, including ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and dacarbazine, in conjugation with radiation therapy could not demonstrate any effect on the tumor size. However, the following PAX-containing regimen provided complete regression of the tumor. After PAX-based high-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, the patient showed complete remission for 2 years. Although he suffered metastatic recurrences and died 4 years after the onset of symptoms, our patient's clinical course clearly reveals the efficacy of PAX.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for XIAP Deficiency in Japan.

BACKGROUND: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency is a rare immunodeficiency that is characterized by recurrent hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and splenomegaly and sometimes associated with refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative therapy, the outcomes of HSCT for XIAP deficiency remain unsatisfactory compared with those for SLAM-associated protein deficiency and familial HLH. AIM: To investigate the outcomes and adverse events of HSCT for patients with XIAP deficiency, a national survey was conducted. METHODS: A spreadsheet questionnaire was sent to physicians who had provided HSCT treatment for patients with XIAP deficiency in Japan. RESULTS: Up to the end of September 2016, 10 patients with XIAP deficiency had undergone HSCT in Japan, 9 of whom (90%) had survived. All surviving patients had received a fludarabine-based reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen. Although 5 patients developed post-HSCT HLH, 4 of them survived after etoposide administration. In addition, the IBD associated with XIAP deficiency improved remarkably after HSCT in all affected cases. CONCLUSION: The RIC regimen and HLH control might be important factors for successful HSCT outcomes, with improved IBD, in patients with XIAP deficiency.

Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Delirium in Patients With Cancer: A Preliminary Study.

To compare the efficacy of antipsychotics (APs) for delirium treatment in patients with cancer, 27 patients treated with 1 of the 4 APs, haloperidol (HPD), risperidone (RIS), olanzapine (OLZ), and quetiapine (QTP), were divided into 2 groups: long half-life (T1/2; HPD, RIS, and OLZ) versus short T1/2 (QTP) or the multiacting receptor-targeted APs (MARTAs; OLZ and QTP) versus the non-MARTA (HPD and RIS). The symptom severity was evaluated by the memorial delirium rating scale (MDAS) on days 0, 3, and 7 following intervention. Significant improvements in total MDAS scores were found in all groups on day 3. However, on day 7, only the short T1/2 group and MARTA group showed significant improvement. Consideration of an AP's pharmacological properties may be helpful for improving the outcomes of pharmacological delirium intervention in patients with cancer.

Neonatal Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia Presenting with Leukemia Cutis and Multiple Intracranial Lesions Successfully Treated with Unrelated Cord Blood Transplantation.

Neonatal acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) without Down syndrome (DS) is an extremely rare disorder. We report of a one-day-old male infant without DS who developed AMKL with leukemia cutis and right facial nerve palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the patient's brain revealed multiple intracranial tumors. A biopsy specimen of the skin lesion was suggestive of AMKL, but the bone marrow leukemic cells were less than 5% of the marrow nucleated cells. The skin and intracranial lesions had spontaneously regressed within one and a half months, but the patient's anemia and thrombocytopenia gradually worsened and the leukemic cells in the bone marrow gradually increased to more than 20% of the nucleated cells. In addition, multiple intracranial lesions reappeared at 72 days of life. We diagnosed the patient with AMKL, and chemotherapy followed by unrelated cord blood transplantation after a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen resulted in sustained complete remission. At present, the patient is well, and he has demonstrated normal development for five years.

Ulinastatin, a urinary trypsin inhibitor, for the initial treatment of patients with Kawasaki disease: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Markedly activated neutrophils or higher plasma levels of neutrophil elastase are involved in the poor response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and the formation of coronary artery lesions (CAL) in patients with acute Kawasaki disease. We hypothesized that ulinastatin (UTI), by both direct and indirect suppression of neutrophils, would reduce the occurrence of CAL. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of patients with Kawasaki disease between 1998 and 2009. Three hundred sixty-nine patients were treated with a combination of UTI, aspirin, and IVIG as an initial treatment (UTI group), and 1178 were treated with a conventional initial treatment, and IVIG with aspirin (control group). The baseline characteristics did not demonstrate notable differences between the two groups. The occurrence of CAL was significantly lower in the UTI group than in the control group (3% versus 7%; crude odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25-0.86; P=0.01). The OR adjusted for sex, Gunma score (the predictive score for IVIG unresponsiveness), and dosage of initial IVIG (1 or 2 g/kg) was 0.32 (95% CI, 0.17-0.60; P<0.001). In addition, most CAL occurred in patients requiring additional rescue treatment and the proportion of those patients was significantly lower in the UTI group than in the control group (13% versus 22%; crude OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.38-0.73; P<0.001). The adjusted OR was 0.30 (95% CI, 0.20-0.44; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: UTI was associated with fewer patients requiring additional rescue treatment and reduction of CAL in this retrospective study.

Multidetector-row computed tomography-based clinical assessment of fondaparinux for treatment of acute pulmonary embolism and acute deep vein thrombosis in Japanese patients.

BACKGROUND: Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is the standard drug for the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in Japan, whereas fondaparinux is the standard drug in Europe and the United States. Here, we examine the efficacy and safety of fondaparinux in Japanese patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 2 randomized, open-label, multicenter studies, 80 Japanese patients with acute PE or DVT received either subcutaneous fondaparinux or intravenous UFH as a non-comparative reference, in a 3:1 ratio, for 5-10 days. Concomitant warfarin therapy was continued until Day 90. Multidetector-row computed tomography-based assessment showed that 57.9% and 45.9% of the patients with acute PE and acute proximal DVT had proximal DVT and PE as a complication, respectively. There was no recurrence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. In the fondaparinux group, the respective improvement rates at the end of the initial treatment and follow-up periods were 71.4% and 86.8% for 42 patients with PE, and 57.8% and 83.3% for 46 patients with DVT; similar results were noted in the UFH group. One patient in the fondaparinux group experienced major bleeding during the initial treatment, but no such episode in the UFH group. CONCLUSIONS: Once-daily, subcutaneous fondaparinux is as effective and safe without monitoring as adjusted-dose intravenous UFH for the initial treatment of acute PE and DVT in Japanese patients.

Standard-dose and short-term corticosteroid therapy in immunoglobulin-resistant Kawasaki disease.

Six patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) were treated with prednisolone (1 to 2 mg/kg/day) for 3 days (from days 10 to 12 after the onset of the illness) after apparently unsuccessful treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG, 2 g/kg/dose and additional 1 g/kg/dose). Five patients responded immediately to the first course of prednisolone infusion. One patient failed to respond to the first course of prednisolone therapy, but he did respond to the second 3-day course of therapy. None of the patients demonstrated a further progression of coronary artery dilatation or any adverse effects. Standard-dose and short-term corticosteroid therapy therefore appears to be a safe and effective treatment for patients with IVIG-resistant KD.