Nobiletin, a NF-κB signaling antagonist, promotes BMP-induced bone formation.

The NF-κB family of transcription factors plays an important role in skeletal development and bone homeostasis. In osteoblast cells, NF-κB signaling has been shown to suppress survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Furthermore, pharmacological suppression of NF-κB enhances osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Thus, NF-κB antagonists are promising candidates as anabolic agents for enhancing bone mass. In this study, we describe the mechanism by which nobiletin, an inhibitor of NF-κB activity, regulates osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. We found that in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells, nobiletin inhibited a TNF-α responsive NF-κB luciferase reporter and also decreased the induction of classical NF-κB target genes by TNF-α. Consistent with this, nobiletin prevented TNF-α -mediated suppression of osteogenesis and potently enhanced the differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells. Likewise, in an in vivo BMP2-induced ectopic bone formation assay, nobiletin markedly enhanced ossicle bone volume. Western blotting and SMAD-responsive luciferase assays also demonstrated that NF-κB suppression of BMP signaling could be inhibited by nobiletin. Thus, our data suggest that mechanistically, nobiletin prevents the endogenous repression of BMP signaling by TNF-α, thereby enhancing osteoblast activity. In conclusion, nobiletin is a novel NF-κB antagonist that may be a useful anabolic agent for bone formation.

Vignacyanidin Polyphenols Isolated from Vigna Angularis Bean Promote Osteoblast Differentiation.

BACKGROUND/AIM: An effective bone regenerative method needs to be established for the dental field. To identify a novel osteogenic factor for bone regeneration, we examined the effect of vignacyanidin (VIG) on osteoblastogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: W20-17 cells, MC3T3-E1 cells, and primary cultured murine calvarial osteoblasts were used. Osteoblast differentiation was stimulated by ß-glycerophosphate, ascorbic acid, or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4. Adipogenesis was induced using dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, insulin, and rosiglitazone. Differentiation or proliferation markers were determined using western blotting and/or the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Adipogenic cells were visualized by Oil Red O staining. RESULTS: VIG treatment increased the expression of osteoblastic markers and alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblast-lineage cells in a concentration-dependent manner. However, adipogenesis and cell proliferation were not affected by VIG. CONCLUSION: VIG treatment promoted osteoblast differentiation in osteoblast-lineage cells.

Daily Oral Administration of Protease-Treated Royal Jelly Protects Against Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy.

Honeybees produce royal jelly (RJ) from their cephalic glands. Royal jelly is a source of nutrition for the queen honey bee throughout its lifespan and is also involved in fertility and longevity. Royal jelly has long been considered beneficial to human health. We recently observed that RJ delayed impairment of motor function during aging, affecting muscle fiber size. However, how RJ affects skeletal muscle metabolism and the functional component of RJ is as of yet unidentified. We demonstrate that feeding mice with RJ daily prevents a decrease in myofiber size following denervation without affecting total muscle weight. RJ did not affect atrophy-related genes but stimulated the expression of myogenesis-related genes, including IGF-1 and IGF receptor. Trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA) and 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (10HDAA), two major fatty acids contained in RJ. After ingestion, 10H2DA and 10HDAA are metabolized into 2-decenedioic acid (2DA) and sebacic acid (SA) respectively. We found that 10H2DA, 10HDAA, 2DA, and SA all regulated myogenesis of C2C12 cells, murine myoblast cells. These novel findings may be useful for potential preventative and therapeutic applications for muscle atrophy disease included in Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength.

Macrophage-mediated repair of intraepithelial damage in rat oral mucosa.

OBJECTIVE: It is important to protect the patient's oral mucosa from injury caused by inappropriate oral care. We established anin vivo model of intraepithelial injury of the oral mucosa and assessed the effects of inappropriate dental apparatus use on inflammatory response of macrophages in rats. DESIGN: Using this model, swabbing was performed to the labial mucosa of rats with the interdental brush, and the tissue samples were processed for histological evaluation. RESULTS: CD 68-positive macrophage-like cells appeared only in the subepithelial region after intraepithelial injury in the presence and absence of antibiotics. After intraepithelial injury, interleukin-1ß levels did not increase beyond those observed in intact rats. The number of bacteria in the lip increased slightly and decreased promptly. In the ear, intraepithelial injury caused an inflammatory response with macrophages infiltrating into the intraepithelial region as well as the subepithelial region, increased interleukin-1ß production, and high bacterial levels around tissues. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the importance of protecting against the intraepithelial injury during oral care procedures, and these findings would contribute to oral care risk management in the future.

Dual effects of heparin on BMP-2-induced osteogenic activity in MC3T3-E1 cells.

Heparin displays several types of biological activities by binding to various extracellular molecules, including pivotal roles in bone metabolism. We have previously reported that heparin competitively inhibits the binding activity of bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) to BMP and the BMP receptor (BMPR) and suppresses BMP-2 osteogenic activity. In the present study, we examined whether heparin affects osteoblast differentiation induced by BMP-2 at various time points in vitro. We found that 72 h of treatment with heparin inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. However, 144 h of treatment enhanced the ALP activity in BMP-2-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells. Although heparin decreased the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 after 0.5 h of culture, prolonged periods of culture with heparin enhanced the Smad phosphorylation. In addition, 72 h of treatment with heparin enhanced the mRNA expression of runx2 and osterix in BMP-2-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of BMP antagonists and inhibitory Smads induced by BMP-2 was preferentially blocked by heparin at the 24 and 48 h time points. These findings indicate biphasic effects of heparin on BMP-2 activity and suggest that heparin has complex effects on the BMP-2 osteogenic bioactivities. Prolonged culture with heparin stimulated BMP-2-induced osteogenic activity via down-regulation of BMP-2 antagonists and inhibitory Smads.

Perspectives on a new educational system for dental hygiene students in Japan.

The purpose of this article is to report changes to dental hygiene education in Japan and to evaluate the successful implementation of these changes in 2010. The legislative change that began in 2005 revised the length of education for dental hygiene students from two years to three or four years (the mandate was three years), which has led to a dramatic change in program curriculum. After a five-year moratorium, a new curriculum has been established for dental hygiene education in Japan. The new curriculum provides students the requisite knowledge to effectively perform the latest dental hygiene procedures. Although the change of the educational system from the present mandatory three-year to the new four-year programs poses many administrative problems, we believe this shift will ultimately provide a more thorough and in-depth education for students.

Targeted drug delivery system for oral cancer therapy using sonoporation.

Ultrasound-mediated destruction of microbubbles has been proposed as an innovative non-invasive drug delivery system for cancer therapy. We developed a specific drug delivery system for squamous cell carcinoma that uses sonoporation with the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody. Administration of a low dose of bleomycin (BLM) by sonoporation with the anti-EGFR antibody produced a marked growth inhibition of Ca9-22 cells in vitro. In addition, scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed apparent surface deformation of Ca9-22 cells treated with sonoporation in the presence of the antibody. Interestingly, the population of apoptotic cells was remarkably increased when a low dose of BLM was delivered using sonoporation with the Fab fragment of the anti-EGFR antibody. These findings indicate that sonoporation with the Fab fragment makes it possible to administer drugs into cells more efficiently and specifically, suggesting a novel application for chemotherapy and gene therapy treatments for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Behavioral characteristics and c-Fos expression in the medullary dorsal horn in a rat model for orofacial cancer pain.

It is well known that patients with orofacial cancer suffer from cancer-induced pain which produces feeding difficulties. To understand the mechanisms of pain associated with orofacial cancer, we have recently created a model for rat orofacial cancer by inoculation with Walker carcinosarcoma 256B-cells into the vibrissal pads. The present study used both behavioral and immunohistochemical techniques to investigate changes in pain-related and ingestive behavior, along with c-Fos expression in the medullary dorsal horn which is a site for processing orofacial pain. The tumor mass grew gradually and contacted the nerve trunks within days after the inoculation of tumor cells. Physical difficulties in ingestion were observed after day 10 post-inoculation and facial grooming periods were prolonged. Sensitivities of the inoculated vibrissal pads to mechanical and thermal stimuli were increased on days 4 and 7, suggesting the development of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Although hyposensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimulation was observed in the inoculated region after day 10, hyperalgesia developed on the margin of the tumor, suggesting that the hypersensitive region spread with growth of tumor mass. In the medullary dorsal horn, the levels of c-Fos immunoreactivity of the ipsilateral side increased significantly on days 4, 7 and 10, supporting the behavioral observations. These results indicate that the rat model shows symptoms similar to those in patients with orofacial cancer, for example, induction of feeding disorder and neuropathic pain.

Effects of lipopolysaccharide on newly established rat dental pulp-derived cell line with odontoblastic properties.

To clarify mechanisms of pulp wound healing and regeneration, it is important to establish continuous odontoblast-lineage cell lines. In this study, we established the proliferating pulp progenitor cell lines from dental papilla cells of rat incisor. These cell lines showed high levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, expression of Runx2 and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and extracellular formation of mineralized nodules. By using the cell line with high expression level of DSPP and the prominent mineral deposition, we examined whether bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) had effects on its odontoblastic properties and found that ALP activity, expression of DSPP and Runx2, and the formation of mineralized nodules were suppressed in LPS dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that our established pulp progenitor cell line exhibits odontoblastic properties, which were suppressed by LPS, suggesting that gram-negative bacterial infection might downregulate the odontoblast function.

Role of caspases in cleavage of lamin A/C and PARP during apoptosis in macrophages infected with a periodontopathic bacterium.

The periodontopathic bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. It has been reported previously that infection with the organism induced apoptosis in the mouse macrophage cell line J774.1. In the present study, the role of caspases during apoptosis in A. actinomycetemcomitans-infected J774.1 cells was examined. A large number of apoptotic cells was detected by flow cytometric analysis in infected J774.1 cells; however, inhibitors of caspase-9, -6 and -3/7 completely blocked the induction of apoptosis. Expression of the cleaved forms of caspase-6 and -7 was detected during apoptosis in infected J774.1 cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the caspase-9 inhibitor blocked expression of the cleaved forms of caspase-6 and -7, whilst the caspase-3 inhibitor blocked expression of the cleaved form of caspase-7, but not caspase-6. It is known that lamin A/C and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are essential nuclear components for maintaining normal cell function and viability, and both were found to be cleaved in the infected J774.1 cells. Immunoblot analysis also revealed that the caspase-6 inhibitor blocked the cleavage of lamin A/C, whilst the caspase-3/7 inhibitor blocked the cleavage of PARP. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of caspases and the subsequent cleavage of lamin A/C and PARP are involved in the morphological changes of apoptotic macrophages infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Mechanical stress-mediated Runx2 activation is dependent on Ras/ERK1/2 MAPK signaling in osteoblasts.

The sequence of biochemical events involved in mechanical stress-induced signaling in osteoblastic cells remains unclear. Runx2, a transcription factor involved in the control of osteoblast differentiation, has been identified as a target of mechanical stress-induced signaling in osteoblastic cells. In this study, uniaxial sinusoidal stretching (15% strain, 115% peak-to-peak, at 1/12 Hz) stimulated the differentiation of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and rat primary osteoblastic cells by activating Runx2. We examined the involvement of diverse mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the activation of Runx2 during mechanical stress. Mechanical stress increased alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of osteoblast differentiation, increased the expression of the osteoblast-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) protein osteocalcin, and induced Runx2 activation, along with increased osterix expression. Furthermore, activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs increased significantly. U0126, a selective inhibitor of ERK1/2, completely blocked Runx2 activation during periods of mechanical stress, but the p38 MAPK-selective inhibitor SB203580 did not alter nuclear phosphorylation of Runx2. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Rous sarcoma kinase (RAS), an upstream regulator of both ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs, inhibited stretch-induced ERK1/2 activation, but not mechanically induced p38 MAPK activity. Furthermore, mechanically induced Runx2 activation was inhibited by Ras depletion, using siRNA. These findings indicate that mechanical stress regulates Runx2 activation and favors osteoblast differentiation through the activation of MAPK signal transduction pathways and Ras/Raf-dependent ERK1/2 activation, independent of p38 MAPK signaling.

Tensile mechanical strain up-regulates Runx2 and osteogenic factor expression in human periosteal cells: implications for distraction osteogenesis.

PURPOSE: Distraction osteogenesis is now accepted as a standard treatment in oral and maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. In the process of bone regeneration with the application of strain, the periosteum might be very involved in osteogenesis. This study examined the effect of mechanical strain on periosteal cells and the implications for distraction osteogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Periosteal cells were obtained from mandibular periosteum that was excised while extracting impacted wisdom teeth. Mechanical strain was applied using a specially designed apparatus with flexible silicon bottom chambers. The levels of mRNA of the osteoblast differentiation factor Runx2 (Cbfa1/AML3/Peb alpha A) and osteogenic factors were analyzed at different times using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method to evaluate the effect of the strain. RESULTS: The periosteal cells expressed the osteogenic phenotype. The strain had a shaping effect on the cells. The application of tensile strain strongly activated the expression of osteogenic and angiogenic growth factors, and up-regulated the expression of Runx2, an osteoblast-specific transcription factor. CONCLUSION: Tensile strain may initiate the differentiation of periosteal cells into osteogenic cells, inducing the expression of Runx2 in the process of bone regeneration. Therefore, the periosteum is profoundly involved in bone formation and regeneration, especially in distraction osteogenesis.

Platelet-rich plasma enhances human osteoblast-like cell proliferation and differentiation.

PURPOSE: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used to promote tissue healing. However, there is no concrete evidence for the biological effects of PRP. This study evaluated the biological effects of PRP on the proliferation and differentiation of 2 human osteoblast-like cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human osteosarcoma cell lines HOS and SaOS-2 were used in this study. PRP was prepared from freshly drawn human venous blood containing a large number of platelets. The MTT assay was used to examine the effects of PRP on osteoblast viability. To evaluate the growth and differentiation, alkaline phosphatase activity was assessed and the expression of procollagen type I, osteopontin, and osteoprotegerin mRNA was measured using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Further, core binding factor alpha 1 (cbfa1/Runx2/AML3/PebpalphaA), a critical regulator of osteoblast differentiation, was also determined. RESULTS: The administration of PRP enhanced the viability of HOS and SaOS-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Alkaline phosphatase activity was suppressed during the cell growth phase, but was strongly enhanced when the cells reached confluence. Semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that PRP enhanced the levels of procollagen type I, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, and core binding factor alpha 1 (cbfa1) mRNA. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that PRP has a favorable effect on human osteoblast-like cells, and acts both to enhance bone regeneration and as an activator in wound healing.

SC-19220, antagonist of prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1, inhibits osteoclastogenesis by RANKL.

UNLABELLED: We examined the direct effect of SC-19220, an EP1 prostaglandin (PG) E2 receptor antagonist, on osteoclastogenesis induced by RANK/RANKL signaling in mouse cell cultures. We found that SC-19220 inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by suppression of the RANK/RANKL signaling pathway in osteoclast precursors. INTRODUCTION: Bone growth is accomplished by a dynamic equilibrium between formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts, which are regulated by many systemic and local osteotropic factors that induce osteoclast formation from hematopoietic precursors through RANK/RANKL signaling. There are four subtypes of prostaglandin E (PGE) receptors, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4, and PGE2 facilitates bone resorption by a mechanism mediated by EP2/EP4. It is well known that SC-19220 is an EP1-specific antagonist. We previously found that SC-19220 inhibited osteoclastogenesis induced by osteotropic factors, including PGE2; however, the inhibitory mechanism is not clear. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of SC-19220 on osteoclastogenesis induced by RANK/RANKL signaling in mouse cell cultures and analyzed the mechanism involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A bone marrow culture system and bone marrow macrophages were used to examine the effects of SC-19220 on PGE2-, 11-deoxy-PGE1-, and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. We analyzed RANKL expression in osteoblasts induced by PGE2 using RT-PCR. We also examined the effects of SC-19220 on the macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor (c-Fms) and RANK expression in osteoclast precursors as well as RANK/RANKL signaling using RT-PCR and Western blotting analyses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: SC-19220 dose-dependently inhibited osteoclast formation induced by PGE2, 11-deoxy-PGE1, and RANKL in the mouse culture system; however, it had no influence on RANKL expression in osteoblasts induced by PGE2. Furthermore, the expression of RANK and c-Fms in osteoclast precursors was decreased by SC-19220 at the mRNA and protein levels. In RANK signaling networks, SC-19220 inhibited c-Src and NFAT2 expression. Our findings indicated that SC-19220 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through the suppression of RANK, c-Fms, c-Src, and NFAT2, suggesting that this EP1-specific antagonist inhibits osteoclast formation induced by RANKL from the early stage of osteoclastogenesis.

Involvement of cytochrome c and caspases in apoptotic cell death of human submandibular gland ductal cells induced by concanamycin A.

In the present study, we found that a specific inhibitor of vacuolar type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), concanamycin A, induced apoptosis in a human submandibular gland ductal cancer cell line, HSG. Immunoblot analysis revealed that cytochrome c was released from mitochondria into the cytoplasm when HSG cells were cultured with concanamycin A for 6 h. The maximum activities of caspase-3 and -9 were reached in HSG cells after 18 and 12 h culture of concanamycin A, respectively. Both caspase-3 and -9 were cleaved to an active form in HSG cells cultured with concanamycin A. Interestingly, concanamycin A decreased the level of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in HSG cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that apoptosis in HSG cells induced by concanamycin A is regulated by cytochrome c released from mitochondria into cytoplasm and the subsequent activation of caspases, and that HSP27 may interfere with caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death induced by concanamycin A.

Role of TGF-beta family in osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL.

Recent studies have revealed that both transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and activin A play pivotal roles in osteoclastogenesis. In this report, we show that the effect of TGF-beta family members, TGF-beta1 and activin A, but not BMP-2, enhance multinucleated osteoclast-like cell (OCL) formation induced by receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in isolated bone marrow macrophages and monocytic cell line, RAW264.7. TGF-beta1 and activin A caused the growth suppression and concomitant expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and c-Src, without inducing syncytium formation or increasing the survival rate in RAW264.7 cells. Although TGF-beta1 and activin A had no effect on NF-kappaB and JNK activities, these factors enhanced the expression of JunB, a component of the AP-1 transcriptional complex. These results suggest that TGF-beta1 and activin A may function as commitment factors in osteoclastic differentiation, not as a crucial component for terminal differentiation to form multinucleated OCLs nor in OCL survival.