Reliability of ultrasonographic measurements of bovine sole structures in relation to sole horn thickness, measured by computed tomography, and sole horn hardness.

The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of sole horn thickness (SHT) and sole horn hardness (SHD) on ultrasonographic visualization of sole structures in the inner and outer claws of 150 Holstein-Friesian cows, and to evaluate different ultrasound frequencies for this purpose. Ultrasonographic views of the sole structure were considered complete when 3 echogenic lines, representing the ventral surface of the sole horn, the borders of the sole horn and soft-tissue layer, and the ventral surface of the distal phalanx, were seen. The proportion of complete ultrasonographic views of the sole structures, designated as the ultrasonographic visualization proportion (UVP), and the measurement errors of SHT were evaluated by comparing images from computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography. The latter images were generated using 3 different probes, frequencies of 6.5 and 5.0 MHz, and 2 different ultrasound machines (#1 and #2) to assess the apex, middle, and heel regions of the claws. The UVP were 60.8 to 77.9% for the 6.5-MHz probe in ultrasound machine #1 (probe A), which were lower than those (>90%) for both the 5.0-MHz probe in ultrasound machine #1 (probe B) and the 5.0-MHz probe in ultrasound machine #2 (probe C). The UVP was significantly lower in claws with an SHD ≥50 units than in claws with an SHD <40 or 40 to <50 units (UVP: 77.1% compared with 93.7 and 91.4%, respectively) when measured with probe B. In claws with an SHT <10 mm, the UVP was significantly lower when SHD was ≥50 units compared with <40 or 40 to >50 units; the values were 69.0% versus 91.3 and 85.9%, respectively, for probe A, and 89.7% versus 100 and 100%, respectively, for probe B. When SHT were measured by either probes A or B in ultrasound machine #1, the proportions of claws in which ultrasonographic values were within a ±1 mm range compared with the values obtained by CT were 84.9 to 91.3% for CT-determined SHT <5 mm, 66.7 to 71.9% for CT-determined SHT 5 to <7 mm, 28.9 to 51.2% for CT-determined SHT 7 to <10 mm, and 6.2 to 19.7% for CT-determined SHT ≥10 mm. The data indicated that increased SHT was associated with a decrease in ultrasonographic measurement accuracy. In claws with an SHT <5 mm, the high proportion of ultrasonographic values that were accurate within a ±1 mm range suggests that this imaging modality would be useful in cows with thin soles.

Photodynamic detection of canine mammary gland tumours after oral administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is widely used in photodynamic detection (PDD) and therapy. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of 5-ALA-induced porphyrins and its effectiveness in PDD in dogs with mammary gland tumours (MGTs) following oral administration. Healthy dogs and those with MGTs (nine each) were orally administered 4 mg kg-1 5-ALA. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was not detected in the plasma of healthy dogs but it peaked in dogs with MGT at 2 h after 5-ALA administration. In the PDD study, 16 dogs with MGT were orally administered 40 mg kg-1 5-ALA, and MGT but not normal tissue showed red fluorescence after 2-4 h. Photon counts were 6635-63 890 and 59-4011 (median, 19 943 and 919) for MGT and non-tumour tissues, respectively. Cell density strongly correlated with PpIX photon counts of MGT tissue of the dogs (R = 0.743, P = 0.0009). We suggest that 5-ALA-PDD might be an effective diagnostic tool for MGTs.

Congenital multifocal increase of Purkinje fibres in a calf with cardiac conduction delay.

A female 4-month-old Holstein-Friesian calf was presented in heart failure. Microscopical examination of samples of the cardiac wall taken at necropsy examination revealed numerous aggregates of Purkinje fibres, particularly in the perivascular areas. Some Purkinje fibres were stained strongly with phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin and immunohistochemically were shown to express alpha smooth muscle actin, indicating an embryonic-like Purkinje fibre phenotype. A diagnosis of congenital multifocal increase of Purkinje fibres was made. The histological features of this case resemble multifocal cardiac Purkinje cell tumour of the heart in man.

Quantitative evaluation of the relationship between dorsal wall length, sole thickness, and rotation of the distal phalanx in the bovine claw using computed tomography.

Computed tomography (CT) was performed on 800 untrimmed claws (400 inner claws and 400 outer claws) of 200 pairs of bovine hindlimbs to investigate the relationships between dorsal wall length and sole thickness, and between dorsal wall length and the relative rotation angle of distal phalanx-to-sole surface (S-D angle). Sole thickness was 3.8 and 4.0 mm at the apex of the inner claws and outer claws, respectively, with dorsal wall lengths <70 mm. These sole thickness values were less than the critical limit of 5 mm, which is associated with a softer surface following thinning of the soles. A sole thickness of 5 mm at the apex was estimated to correlate with dorsal wall lengths of 72.1 and 72.7 mm for the inner and outer claws, respectively. Sole thickness was 6.1 and 6.4 mm at the apex of the inner and outer claws, respectively, with dorsal wall lengths of 75 mm. These sole thickness values were less than the recommended sole thickness of 7 mm based on the protective function of the soles. A sole thickness >7 mm at the apex was estimated to correlate with a dorsal wall length of 79.8 and 78.4mm for the inner and outer claws, respectively. The S-D angles were recorded as anteversions of 2.9° and 4.7° for the inner and outer claws, respectively, with a dorsal wall length of 75 mm. These values indicate that the distal phalanx is likely to have rotated naturally forward toward the sole surface. The distal phalanx rotated backward to the sole surface at 3.2° and 7.6° for inner claws with dorsal wall lengths of 90-99 and ≥100 mm, respectively; and at 3.5° for outer claws with a dorsal wall length ≥100 mm. Dorsal wall lengths of 85.7 and 97.2 mm were estimated to correlate with a parallel positional relationship of the distal phalanx to the sole surface in the inner and outer claws, respectively.

The diagnostic criteria used in bovine bacterial endocarditis: a meta-analysis of 460 published cases from 1973 to 2011.

Bacterial endocarditis (BE) is the most common valvular disease in cattle but diagnosis in the living animal remains a challenge for clinicians. The objective of the study was to report evidence-based veterinary medicine data concerning the clinical presentation and results of ancillary tests of necropsy-confirmed cases of bovine BE. A systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis was performed using Medline and CAB abstracts of every article on bovine BE published in English, Japanese, German and French. The clinical criteria that were specifically assessed for diagnosis of BE were: tachycardia, heart murmur, signs of congestive heart failure, presence of fever, evidence of lameness/polyarthritis, one or more positive blood cultures and positive echocardiograms for BE. A total of 34 studies (460 cases of BE) satisfied the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. The sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained using a random-effect meta-analysis for studies reporting five or more cases. The Se (95% CI) were 86.9% (39.1-98.6%) for positive haemoculture, 84.3% (60.4-95.0%) for echocardiography, 79.7% (70.1-86.8%) for the presence of tachycardia, 60.3% (51.8-68.3%) for the presence of a murmur, 45.7% (32.5-59.5%) for the presence of fever, 43.5% (25.6-63.3%) for the presence of lameness/polyarthritis, and 37.3% (21.6-57.0%) for the presence of clinical signs of heart failure. The Sp (95% CI) was 95.3% (93.3-96.8%) for lameness, 72.6% (45.8-89.2%) for the presence of a murmur, 67.0% (55.5-76.7%) for the presence of fever, and 27.1% (14.3-45.2%) for the presence of tachycardia. This meta-analysis confirmed that the diagnosis of BE is a difficult process. Echocardiography seems to be a sensitive diagnostic tool despite the absence of any consensus on the ultrasonographic definition of the disease. However, from these results, it was impossible to determine whether multiple positive findings or clinical tests increase the sensitivity for the diagnosis of bovine BE.

Quantitative evaluation of bone development of the distal phalanx of the cow hind limb using computed tomography.

Computed tomography (CT) was performed on 400 claws (200 inner and 200 outer claws) of 100 pairs of bovine hind limbs to investigate the etiological theory that an exacerbating factor for ulceration is exostosis of the tuberculum flexorium within the distal phalanx. A variety of morphological changes of the tuberculum flexorium of bovine hind limb claws was visualized by 3-dimensional CT, and the geometry of these claws suggested a growth pattern of bone development with respect to the assumed daily loading patterns. This growth occurs initially at the abaxial caudal aspect of the distal phalanx and is followed by horizontal progression toward the axial aspect. The length of downward bone development on the solar face of the distal phalanx was 2.73±1.32 mm in the outer claws, significantly greater than in the inner claws (2.38±0.96 mm). Ratios of downward (vertical) bone development to the thickness of the subcutis and the corium (VerBD ratios) did not differ between the outer and inner claws (36.7 vs. 38.3%, respectively). Ratios of horizontal bone development to the axial-to-abaxial line of the tuberculum flexorium (HorBD ratios) were approximately 60% for both outer and inner claws. These quantitative measures regarding horizontal and vertical bone development within the distal phalanx were positively correlated with age and VerBD ratios (r=0.53 and r=0.36 for the inner and outer claws, respectively). Correlations between claw width of the outer claw and length of vertical bone development (r=0.43), the HorBD ratio (r=0.51), and the VerBD ratio (r=0.42) suggested that the relative size difference between the inner and outer claws enhances bone development in the outer claw. Correlation coefficients between VerBD and HorBD ratios (r=0.52 and 0.63 for the inner and outer claws, respectively) suggested that horizontal and vertical bone development occurs as a synchronized process within the tuberculum flexorium. This age-related progress of bone development within the tuberculum flexorium is associated with increased exposure to several exacerbating factors and the laminitic process.

Quantitative investigation and classification by MRI of residual cleft cysts in the pituitary glands of cows.

The application of MRI to 167 Holstein cows and 76 Japanese black cows made it possible to distinguish two types of residual cleft cysts (RCCs) in their pituitary glands on the basis of the differences in signal intensity: fluid-filled lesions with an intensity equal to that of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (hypointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images); and solid lesions that were hypointense compared with cerebral parenchyma and isointense with CSF on T1-weighted images, and hypointense compared with cerebral parenchyma on T2-weighted images. Solid material was observed in lesions with a mean (sd) diameter of 2.09 (1.28) mm in 56 (33.5 per cent) of the Holstein cows, and in lesions with a mean diameter of 1.91 (0.89) mm in 20 (26.3 per cent) of the Japanese black cows. Four of the Holstein cows had RCCs more than 7 mm in diameter. Long-term development of the RCCs was suggested by histological findings of epithelial stratification and a structural shift from having a single to a stratified epithelial layer within the residual clefts of the affected pituitary glands.

Lymphangiosarcoma in a cat.

This report describes a 5-year-old female cat with lymphangiosarcoma arising within the dermis and subcutis of the caudal mammary region. The mass presented as a large, poorly demarcated and fluctuant swelling with bruising of the overlying skin. Histopathologically, the dermis and subcutis in the affected region were diffusely oedematous, haemorrhagic, and infiltrated by plump spindle cells that formed irregular vascular clefts and cavernous channels. Neoplastic cells were aligned in one or more layers along oedematous collagenous trabeculae. The vascular clefts and channels contained only a few or no erythrocytes. The neoplastic cells had moderate to marked nuclear pleomorphism and prominent nucleoli. Lymphocytes and plasma cells were scattered throughout the neoplasm and the adjacent soft tissues. Immunohistochemical labelling revealed the neoplastic cells to express vimentin, factor VIII-related antigen and the lymphatic endothelial cell marker PROX-1, but the cells did not express cytokeratin. The nuclei of many neoplastic cells expressed the proliferation marker Ki67. These histopathological and immunohistochemical findings confirmed the diagnosis of lymphangiosarcoma. This is the first report describing the usefulness of expression of PROX-1 for differentiating between angiosarcoma of lymphatic and vascular origin in cats.

Antemortem evaluation for magnetic resonance imaging of the equine flexor tendon.

In this study antemortem evaluation of equine flexor tendons--the superficial digital flexor tendon and the deep digital flexor tendon--using magnetic resonance (MR) images was performed. Postmortem flexor tendons were used to prepare the slice positions, coil and body positions for MR imaging. It was possible by this method to take antemortem MR images of equine limbs that distinguished features as well as postmortem images described in previous studies. The total time of antemortem scanning was about 40 min. This study is the first to report antemortem MR images in horses.

Abscess of bovine brain stem diagnosed by contrast MRI examinations.

A 3-month-old, female Japanese Black calf that showed signs of neurological dysfunction soon after birth was twice examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Survey MR images showed changes in a hydrocephalus from mild to severe and the existence of a mass above the brain stem that could be distinguished from the surrounding cerebral parenchyma. Contrast MRI examinations using Gd-DO3A-butriol showed the mass to have a doughnut-like form. As the mass changed, the clinical signs aggravated. We diagnosed a brain stem abscess, which we confirmed pathologically. To our knowledge there are no other reports of the use of contrast MRI to examine cattle.

Casting a gold alloy to embedded precision attachment metals.

The technique for casting a gold alloy to embedded attachment metals has been described. The joints of gold alloy cast to commercially available attachment metals were examined with a metallurgic and a scanning electron microscope. The investigation indicated that an uninterrupted gapless joint is possible, and that some diffusion occular along the interfaces with some attachment metals. In view of these findings, it is concluded that this technique can be recommended as a dental laboratory procedure.