Development of Simplified in Vitro P-Glycoprotein Substrate Assay and in Silico Prediction Models To Evaluate Transport Potential of P-Glycoprotein.

For efficient drug discovery and screening, it is necessary to simplify P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate assays and to provide in silico models that predict the transport potential of P-gp. In this study, we developed a simplified in vitro screening method to evaluate P-gp substrates by unidirectional membrane transport in P-gp-overexpressing cells. The unidirectional flux ratio positively correlated with parameters of the conventional bidirectional P-gp substrate assay ( R2 = 0.941) and in vivo Kp,brain ratio (mdr1a/1b KO/WT) in mice ( R2 = 0.800). Our in vitro P-gp substrate assay had high reproducibility and required approximately half the labor of the conventional method. We also constructed regression models to predict the value of P-gp-mediated flux and three-class classification models to predict P-gp substrate potential (low-, medium-, and high-potential) using 2397 data entries with the largest data set collected under the same experimental conditions. Most compounds in the test set fell within two- and three-fold errors in the random forest regression model (71.3 and 88.5%, respectively). Furthermore, the random forest three-class classification model showed a high balanced accuracy of 0.821 and precision of 0.761 for the low-potential classes in the test set. We concluded that the simplified in vitro P-gp substrate assay was suitable for compound screening in the early stages of drug discovery and that the in silico regression model and three-class classification model using only chemical structure information could identify the transport potential of compounds including P-gp-mediated flux ratios. Our proposed method is expected to be a practical tool to optimize effective central nervous system (CNS) drugs, to avoid CNS side effects, and to improve intestinal absorption.

Effects of the inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein on aliskiren pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys.

Aliskiren is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and is metabolized via cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). The aim of the present study was to assess whether P-gp influenced the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren and also if drug-drug interactions (DDIs) mediated through P-gp could be reproduced in cynomolgus monkeys. The study investigated the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren in mdr1a/1b gene-deficient (P-gp KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) following the oral administration of aliskiren was 6.9-fold higher in P-gp KO mice than in WT mice, while no significant differences were observed in the AUC or total plasma clearance following the intravenous administration of aliskiren to P-gp KO mice. Then the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren were evaluated and DDIs between aliskiren and P-gp inhibitors, such as cyclosporin A (CsA) and zosuquidar, examined in cynomolgus monkeys. The AUC for aliskiren were 8.3- and 42.1-fold higher after the oral administration of aliskiren with the concomitant oral administration of zosuquidar and CsA at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, the AUC after the intravenous and oral administration of aliskiren was not significantly affected by the oral administration of zosuquidar or intravenous administration of CsA, respectively. These results indicated that P-gp strictly limited the intestinal absorption of aliskiren in mice and monkeys, and also that the effects of intestinal P-gp inhibition by CsA or zosuquidar on the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren were sensitively reproduced in monkeys. In conclusion, aliskiren can be used as a sensitive substrate to evaluate intestinal P-gp inhibition in monkeys.