ABSTRACT
A secure communication network with quantum key distribution in a metropolitan area is reported. Six different QKD systems are integrated into a mesh-type network. GHz-clocked QKD links enable us to demonstrate the world-first secure TV conferencing over a distance of 45km. The network includes a commercial QKD product for long-term stable operation, and application interface to secure mobile phones. Detection of an eavesdropper, rerouting into a secure path, and key relay via trusted nodes are demonstrated in this network.
ABSTRACT
We investigated the effects of two different concentrations of sevoflurane, 0.4 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) and 1.0 MAC, on insulin secretion before, during, and after sevoflurane anesthesia using three successive intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) in pigs with indwelling catheters. We also investigated changes in the levels of plasma glucose, catecholamines (epinephrine [E], norepinephrine [NE]), and cortisol (Cor). The pigs were grouped as awake, 0.4 MAC, or 1.0 MAC. Sevoflurane decreased the ratio of insulin/glucose (INS/GLU) in the basal condition (P < 0.05 awake versus 1.0 MAC) and during IVGTT (P < 0.01 awake versus 1.0 MAC and 0.4 MAC). These decreases were quickly reversible (control levels were regained within 2 h of the end of anesthesia), were probably dose-related, appeared not to be mediated by E, NE, or Cor. In addition, the INS/GLU ratio 2.5-4 h after the end of anesthesia was significantly higher in the anesthetized groups than in the awake group. We conclude that sevoflurane anesthesia has a rapidly reversible inhibitory effect on basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, as do other inhaled anesthetics, and might induce insulin resistance.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, General , Anesthetics, Inhalation , Ethers/pharmacology , Glucose/metabolism , Insulin/metabolism , Methyl Ethers , Animals , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Catecholamines/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Ethers/blood , Glucose/pharmacology , Glucose Tolerance Test , Insulin Secretion , Male , Pulmonary Alveoli/metabolism , Sevoflurane , SwineABSTRACT
Differences of blood pressures measured directly at the radial and dorsalis pedis arteries were compared in relation to the sites of the epidural puncture. Epidural catheters were inserted at C7-Th9 in the upper (U) group (n = 7), and at L1-4 in lower (L) group (n = 7). In the awake, unanesthetized state, the systolic, mean and diastolic radial-to-dorsal pressure differences (DR-D) were -21.9 +/- 11.0 mmHg (mean +/- SD), 0.9 +/- 1.1 mmHg and 2.1 +/- 2.1 mmHg respectively. Following epidural infusion of mepivacaine, the DR-D values shifted to the negative direction in the U group, and to the positive direction in the L group. Epidural anesthesia had little effect on the DR-D changes during general anesthesia; however, it affected significantly the mean pressure DR-D as well as the systolic pressure DR-D during the periods of preinduction and postemergence. The maximum change in systolic pressure DR-D values was from -19.4 to -36.3 mmHg in a patient of the U group and from -15.6 to 45.4 mmHg in a patient of the L group. The maximum change in mean pressure DR-D values was from 0.0 to -7.4 mmHg in the U group and from 2.1 to 18.3 mmHg in the L group. The DR-D values had significant negative correlations with the deep temperature (palm to sole) differences; the correlation coefficients were: systolic, r = -0.50; mean, r = -0.50; and diastolic, r = -0.41. These results demonstrated that epidural anesthesia changed the physiological central-to-peripheral pressure gradients, probably by influencing the regional peripheral vascular resistance.
