[Etiological structure and sensitivity to antibiotics of the infection process pathogens in general surgical hospital].

The studying of the species and their sensitivity to antibiotics of mostly spread infection factors constitute one of the main trends in intrastationary infection prophylaxis. In 307 patients, suffering the infection processes of various localization, such as purulent wounds, cholecystitis, cholangitis, peritonitis etc., there were studied up the species and sensitivity to antibiotics of the microorganisms determined. Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli were determined most frequently, somewhat rarely--P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., E. faecalis, S. pyogenes, C. albicans and Citrobacter spp. The factors determined were most sensitive to imipenem (72,09% of sensitive clones), carbenicilline (61.9%), meropenem (60.49%) and ceftriaxone (58.33%).

[Using cluster analysis for evaluation of sensitivity to antibiotics of pathogens isolated from women with genital inflammatory diseases].

The study was conducted to evaluate sensitivity to 44 antibiotics of pathogens isolated from 183 women with genital inflammatory diseases and to offer schemes of antibacterial treatment. The pathogens (66.8%) were in associations. The probability of isolation of main bacteria and sexually transmitted microorganisms in different associations was estimated in the work. Using the methods of clustering analysis all the tested antibiotics were divided into 3 groups, depending on their antimicrobial activity toward bacteria isolated both in monoculture and in associations. Furagin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, cefoperazon, ceftriaxon, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, as well as, cefazolin, zoxan, ofloxacin, and lomefloxacin were shown to be the most effective antibiotics in vitro. The least activity was diplayed by ectericid, chlorophillipt, and ampiox. These data should be considered when choosing the antibacterial treatment of genital inflammatory diseases.

[An experimental validation of the use of levomycetin preparations for the treatment of burns infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. / Eksperimental'noe obosnovanie primeneniia preparatov s levomitsetinom dlia lecheniia ozhogov, infitsirovannykh Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Application of 1% of chloramphenicol (gel and cream) for local treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infection has been studied in experiment. In vivo, both medical forms show pronounced therapeutic effect, they promote elimination of P. aeruginosa from wounds and decrease inflammation. In noninfected thermal trauma in laboratory animals application of gel and cream of chloramphenicol reduces transition from the phase of inflammation to the phase of reparation by 3-8 days and prevents infection of the burn wound by conditionally pathogenic microflora.

[The protective properties of the lysosomal form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa anatoxin in a test of its active protection of experimental animals]. / Izuchenie protektivnykh svoistv liposomal'noi formy anatoksina Pseudomonas aeruginosa v teste aktivnoi zashchity éksperimental'nykh zhivotnykh.

The protective activity of the liposomal form of P. aeruginosa toxoid and intact phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes has been evaluated in mice with experimental P. aeruginosa infection. It has been revealed that the liposomal form of P. aeruginosa toxoid, introduced in a single injection, ensures the formation of more intense and prolonged immunity in comparison with that induced by the toxoid adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. This investigation has revealed that intact phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes also possess protective properties, protecting 10-36.7% of the animals from infection with P. aeruginosa toxigenic strain.

[The sensitivity to antibiotics and disinfecting substances of opportunistic microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity of patients with orthodontic pathology]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' k antibiotikam i dezinfitsiruiushchim veshchestvam uslovno-patogennykh mikroorganizmov, vydelennykh iz polosti rta bol'nykh so ortopedicheskoi patologiei.

Antibiotic and disinfectant sensitivities of opportunistic bacteria, isolated from the oral cavity of normal subjects and orthodontic patients, were under study. The findings evidence that oral microflora of patients with orthodontic conditions is more rich in microorganisms that can induce pyoinflammatory diseases than that in health. Among the isolated opportunistic bacteria strains were found that were resistant to both: antibiotics and disinfectants. Antibiotic sensitivities of the microorganisms isolated from normal subjects and patients were found virtually the same, whereas the strains isolated from the patients have shown a higher sensitivity to disinfectants. The authors emphasize that effective prevention of pyoseptic complications in the maxillofacial area involves not only bacteriologic monitoring and studies of the microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics, but analysis of the bacterial sensitivity to disinfectants as well.

[Biochemical activity of opportunistic antibiotic and chloramine-sensitive and resistant microorganisms isolated from healthy and sick people]. / Biokhimicheskaia aktivnost' uslovno-patogennykh mikroorganizmov, chuvstvitel'nykh i ustoichivykh k antibiotikam i khloraminu, vydelennykh ot zdorovykh i bol'nykh liudei.

Activity of oxidation-reduction enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and catalase was studied in staphylococci isolated from healthy persons and patients as well as from the air and implements of medical institutions. The isolates were resistant either to antibiotics or to chloramine B or to the both. The results showed that development of resistance to antibiotics and chloramine B in the staphylococci was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and catalase. In the strains resistant only to chloramine B the activity of the enzymes was practically at the same level as in the strains resistant only to antibiotics. In the strains resistant to both antibiotics and chloramine B, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and catalase did not practically differ from that in the strains resistant either to antibiotics or to chloramine B.

[Experimental and clinical study of nitazol as an antibacterial drug in the complex treatment of peritonitis]. / Eksperimental'no-klinicheskoe izuchenie nitazola kak antibakterial'nogopreparata v kompleksnom lechenii peritonitov.

Antibacterial properties of the Soviet drug nitazol which is a derivative of imidazole were studied. It was shown that nitazol in a dose of 4-8 micrograms/ml was highly active against gram-negative nonsporulating anaerobes, gram-positive anaerobic cocci and spore-forming Clostridia spp. Unlike metronidazole, it was efficient against both standard and clinical strains of facultative anaerobes such as E. coli, S. aureus and Klebsiella spp. isolated from patients with peritonitis and being poly-resistant to antibiotics. It was found in vitro that the antibacterial effect of nitazol was higher when it was used in combination with some antibiotics. It was demonstrated on experimental models of peritonitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli in mice that nitazol used alone or in combination with gentamicin had a favourable effect on the animal survival and lifespan. The combination of nitazol with gentamicin was applied in the combined treatment of appendicular peritonitis in 80 children and its high therapeutic efficacy was stated. Nitazol is useful as an antibacterial drug in the combined treatment of children with purulent peritonitis.

[Evaluation of liposomal forms of rifampicin and prodigiozan in the treatment of experimental chronic tonsillitis]. / Otsenka liposomal'nykh form rifampitsina i prodigiozana pri lechenii éksperimental'nogo khronicheskogo tonzillita.

Therapeutic effect of liposomal dosages of rifampicin and prodigiozan was studied on rabbits with simulated chronic tonsillitis in comparison to that of commercial ones of the drugs. The treatment schemes included daily intra-tonsillar++ injections of the dosage forms for 5 days. A high efficacy of their liposomal dosage forms in treatment of experimental chronic tonsillitis was confirmed microbiologically and immunologically. Approval of the liposomal dosage forms used in the therapy of patients with chronic tonsillitis requires clinical trials.

[The biological properties of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from surgical patients]. / Biologicheskie svoistva shtammov Staphylococcus aureus i Pseudomonas aeruginosa, vydelennykh ot khirurgicheskikh bo'nykh.

The authors have examined about 100 patients of the surgical department and studied biological properties and virulence of 40 staphylococcus strains and 10 blue-pus bacillus strains. The data obtained evidence that the incidence of the virulence factors in the staphylococcal strains isolated from the pathological material has grown, the number of strains possessing the hemolytic and plasmocoagulase activity as well as the property to produce pigment being increased. Changes in the biological properties of microorganisms are, probably, induced by the chemotherapeutic action of drugs and, first of all, of antibiotics, that may be used when elaborating up-to-date methods for treatment of pyo-inflammatory diseases.

[Antibiotic sensitivity of the main opportunistic pathogenic aerobic bacteria]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' k antibiotikam osnovnykh uslovno-patogennykh aérofilov.

Antibiotic sensitivity of 1421 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. was studied. Gentamicin, levomycetin (chloramphenicol) and ristomycin proved to be the antibiotics of choice in treatment of purulent inflammatory diseases caused by S. epidermidis and S. aureus. For antibiotic therapy of infections caused by gram-negative organisms gentamicin and polymixin might be recommended.

[Antibacterial activity of nitazole and its use in combined treatment of appendicular peritonitis in children]. / Antibakterial'naia aktivnost' nitazola i primenenie ego v kompleksnom lechenii appendikuliarnogo peritonita u detei.

The experimental-clinical investigations have demonstrated the high effectiveness of the native preparation Nitazole against the Gram-negative non-spore-forming anaerobic bacteria, Gram-positive anaerobic cocci, spore-forming Clostridium, certain facultative anaerobes. This permits to recommend it for the use as an antibacterial preparation for the treatment of peritonitis in children.

[Immunogenic properties of the liposomal form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa anatoxin]. / Immunogennye svoistva liposomal'noi formy anatoksina sinegnoinoi palochki.

Studies of immunogenic properties of P. aeruginosa anatoxin incorporated into liposomes of varying lipid compositions have shown that single immunization of mice with the anatoxin included into phosphatidyl ethanolamine and lecithin cholesterol liposomes induces a 6-8-fold higher antitoxin antibodies production than immunization with unadsorbed or adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide P. aeruginosa toxoid. The maximal production of antibodies against exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa is observed already on the 14th day. The adjuvant properties of lecithin-cholesterol liposomes were revealed only in the primary immune response, while phosphatidyl ethanolamine-containing liposomes exhibited the capacity for enhancing both the primary and the secondary immune responses. The use of liposomal P. aeruginosa anatoxin made of lipids varying in composition and charge is a promising trend of research aimed at designing new highly effective immunization preparations for P. aeruginosa infection prevention.

[The sensitivity to antibiotics and chloramine B of opportunistic microorganisms isolated from patients]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' k antibiotikam i khloraminu B uslovno patogennykh mikroorganizmov, vydelennykh ot bol'nykh.

Strains of staphylococci, klebsiella, proteins, blue pus bacillus and enterobacteria resistant not only to antibiotics but also to chloramine, a disinfectant, were isolated from the test material samples obtained from patients with different purulent-inflammatory processes. The following strains are revealed among the test microorganisms: sensitive simultaneously to antibiotics and chloramine; sensitive to antibiotics but resistant to chloramine; sensitive to chloramine but resistant to antibiotics; simultaneously resistant both to antibiotics and chloramine.

[Phagocytosis of chloramine B sensitive and resistant staphylococci isolated from healthy persons and patients]. / Fagotsitoz v otnoshenii chuvstvitelnykh i ustoichivykh k antibiotikam i khloraminu B stafilokokkov, vydelennykh ot zdorovykh i bo'lnykh liudei.

Phagocytic reaction with respect to antibiotic and chloramine B sensitive and resistant staphylococci isolated from healthy persons and patients, air and stock of medical institutions was studied on albino mice. It was shown that the staphylococcal isolates included strains simultaneously sensitive to antibiotics and chloramine, sensitive to antibiotics and resistant to chloramine, resistant to antibiotics and sensitive to chloramine and simultaneously resistant to antibiotics and chloramine. Activity, intensity and completeness of phagocytosis by leucocytes from mouse abdominal cavity exudates with respect to the staphylococcal strains sensitive to antibiotics and resistant to chloramine, resistant to antibiotics and sensitive to chloramine and simultaneously resistant to antibiotics and chloramine were lower than the values of the phagocytic reaction with respect to the isolates simultaneously sensitive to antibiotics and chloramine. This suggested that not only antibiotic resistance of microbes but also their resistance to disinfectants could be referred to complicating factors of hospital infections.

[Effectiveness of tobramycin and immunologic preparations in experimental Pseudomonas infection]. / Effektivnost' tobramitsina i immunopreparatov pri eksperimental'noi sinegnoinoi infektsii.

Certain indices of immunity were studied in mice with burn sepsis due to P. aeruginosa during their treatment with tobramycin (Tb) alone or in combination with immunological drugs. The most significant stimulation of the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages was observed when Tb was used in combination with polyvalent corpuscular vaccine of P. aeruginosa. When Tb was used alone or in combination with hyperimmune plasma of P. aeruginosa there was observed close correlation between the phagocytic index and the levels of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate in them. Therapy of P. aeruginosa infection with the antibiotic and immunological drugs resulted in much higher levels of agglutinine antibodies in blood serum of the mice than the therapy with Tb alone.

[The etiology of suppurative-inflammatory diseases caused by opportunistic microorganisms at the noninfectious disease clinic]. / Etiologiia gnoino-vospalitel'nykh zabolevanii, vyzvannykh uslovno-patogennymi mikroorganizmami v neinfektsionnoi klinike.

5,853 strains of opportunistic microorganisms have been isolated from hospitalized patients at a polyclinic. The following microorganisms have been found to cause purulent inflammatory diseases most frequently: Escherichia coli (21.6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15.93%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.54%), microorganisms of the genus Klebsiella (11.86%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.91%) and microorganisms of the genus Proteus (7.5%). In cases of mixed infections Gram-negative bacteria prevail. The analysis of microbial species contained in the pathological excreta of patients in different departments has shown the prevalence of staphylococci in general surgery patients, E. coli in peritonitis and gynecological diseases, P. aeruginosa in patients with burns, Klebsiella, Proteus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa in patients with multiple traumatic lesions.

[Sensitivity to antibiotics and the disinfectant chloramine of Staphylococci isolated from healthy and sick persons]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' k antibiotikam i dezinfitsiruiushchemu veshchestvu khloraminu stafilokokkov, vedelennykh ot zdorovykh i bol'nykh liudei.

Five hundred and twenty seven strains of Staphylococcus aureus with massive contamination of at least 10(3) when estimated quantitatively were tested for their sensitivity to antibiotics and chloramine B. The staphylococcal strains were isolated from patients, air and stock of rooms in medical institutions, from medical personnel and healthy persons having no long-term contacts with hospital media i. e. from pregnant women and workers of confectionery plants. Among the isolates there were strains simultaneously sensitive to antibiotics and chloramine B (16.6 per cent), sensitive to antibiotics but resistant to chloramine B (5.5 per cent), resistant to antibiotics but sensitive to chloramine B (63.1 per cent) and resistant to antibiotics and chloramine B (15.3 per cent). Staphylococci resistant simultaneously to antibiotics and chloramine B were isolated from the persons of all the groups and from the air and stock of the rooms in the medical institutions. This showed the necessity of controlling sensitivity or staphylococci circulating in hospital media not only to antibiotics but also to disinfectants for providing more efficient prophylaxis of intrahospital infections.

[Effect of lincomycin and staphylococcal vaccine on the course of experimental staphylococcal sepsis]. / Vliianie linkomitsina i stafilokokkovoi vaktsiny na techenie éksperimental'nogo stafilokokkovogo sepsisa.

Therapeutic efficacy of lincomycin used alone and in combination with inactivated staphylococcal vaccine and the effect of these agents on synthesis of antibodies and their content in blood serum were investigated. Lincomycin was shown to inhibit septic processes in the host. After its administration the number of the pathogens in the blood and organs markedly decreased. At the same time, lincomycin lowered antibody synthesis in the lymphoid organs and the content of alpha-antitoxins in blood serum. The use of lincomycin in combination with inactivated staphylococcal vaccine promoted an increase in the number of the antibody forming cells in the spleen and lymph nodes and the content of the antibodies to the staphylococcal alpha-toxin in blood serum of the animals with staphylococcal sepsis.