Complications in Post-Liver Transplant Patients.

Liver transplantation (LT) is the treatment of choice for liver failure and selected cases of malignancies. Transplantation activity has increased over the years, and indications for LT have been widened, leading to organ shortage. To face this condition, a high selection of recipients with prioritizing systems and an enlargement of the donor pool were necessary. Several authors published their case series reporting the results obtained with the use of marginal donors, which seem to have progressively improved over the years. The introduction of in situ and ex situ machine perfusion, although still strongly debated, and better knowledge and treatment of the complications may have a role in achieving better results. With longer survival rates, a significant number of patients will suffer from long-term complications. An extensive review of the literature concerning short- and long-term outcomes is reported trying to highlight the most recent findings. The heterogeneity of the behaviors within the different centers is evident, leading to a difficult comparison of the results and making explicit the need to obtain more consent from experts.

Laparoscopic giant hiatal hernia repair with absorbable mesh.

Background: The best operative approach to large hiatal hernias still remains controversial between suture cruroplasty and prosthetic hiatal herniorrhaphy. This study aims at analysing results from a single institution in Italy in terms of subjective and objective outcomes. Methods: Retrospectively collected data of all patients that underwent laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair since 2011 were considered. Sixty-five patients were included overall; 17 of them fit the criteria of large hiatal hernia. Follow-up (FU) was assessed by visit, questionnaires and X-ray imaging. Results: No major complications occurred in the post-operative course. No patient was lost during the FU period. Out of all the patients included, 13 agreed to have an X-ray with water-soluble contrast. The questionnaires showed a 76.5% rate of satisfaction (13 patients), and the recurrence rate demonstrated by radiology was 29.4% (five patients). There were no major mesh-related complications. Conclusion: The best operative approach for large hiatal hernias remains far from standardised: There is a lack of evidence on the use of a mesh for this kind of surgery as well as substantial controversy over the definition of what a giant hiatal hernia is. Nevertheless, the results from this study and the main studies in the literature seem to be encouraging in improving giant hiatal hernia repair outcomes.

Gut microbiota and immune system in liver cancer: Promising therapeutic implication from development to treatment.

Liver cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver tumour, followed by cholangiocarcinoma. Notably, secondary tumours represent up to 90% of liver tumours. Chronic liver disease is a recognised risk factor for liver cancer development. Up to 90% of the patients with HCC and about 20% of those with cholangiocarcinoma have an underlying liver alteration. The gut microbiota-liver axis represents the bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota, its metabolites and the liver through the portal flow. The interplay between the immune system and gut microbiota is also well-known. Although primarily resulting from experiments in animal models and on HCC, growing evidence suggests a causal role for the gut microbiota in the development and progression of chronic liver pathologies and liver tumours. Despite the curative intent of "traditional" treatments, tumour recurrence remains high. Therefore, microbiota modulation is an appealing therapeutic target for liver cancer prevention and treatment. Furthermore, microbiota could represent a non-invasive biomarker for early liver cancer diagnosis. This review summarises the potential role of the microbiota and immune system in primary and secondary liver cancer development, focusing on the potential therapeutic implications.

Evaluation of prognostic factors and clinicopathological patterns of recurrence after curative surgery for colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is a common tumor with a quite high-related mortality. Despite the used curative treatments, patients will develop cancer recurrence in up to 50% of the cases and/or other primary neoplasms. Although most of the recurrences are discovered within 3 years from the first treatment, a small percentage is found after 5 years. The early detection of recurrence is crucial to allow further therapies improving patients' survival. Several follow-up programs have been developed but the optimal one is far from being established. AIM: To evaluation of potential prognostic factors for timing and patterns of recurrence in order to plan tailored follow-up programs. METHODS: Perioperative and long-term data of all consecutive patients surgically treated with curative intent, from January 2006 to June 2009, for colorectal adenocar-cinoma, were retrospectively reviewed to find potential prognostic factors associated with: (1) Recurrence incidence; (2) Incidence of an early (within 3 years from surgery) or late recurrence; and (3) Different sites of recurrence. In addition, the incidence of other primary neoplasms has been evaluated in a cohort of patients with a minimum potential follow-up of 10 years. RESULTS: Our study included 234 patients. The median follow-up period has been 119 ± 46.2 mo. The recurrence rate has been 25.6%. Patients with a higher chance to develop recurrence had also the following characteristics: Higher levels of preoperative glycemia and carcinoembryonic antigen, highest anaesthesiologists Score score, occlusion, received a complex operation performed with an open technique, after a longer hospital stay, and showed advanced tumors. The independent prognostic factors for recurrence were the hospital stay, N stage 2, and M stage 1 (multivariate analysis). Younger ages were significantly associated with an early recurrence onset. Patients that received intermediate colectomies or segmental resections, having an N stage 2 or American Joint Committee on Cancer stage 3 tumors were also associated with a higher risk of liver recurrence, while metastatic diseases at diagnosis were linked with local recurrence. Neoadjuvant treatments showed lung recurrence. Finally, bigger tumors and higher lymph node ratio were associated with peritoneal recurrence (marginally significant). Thirty patients developed a second malignancy during the follow-up time. CONCLUSION: Several prognostic factors should be considered for tailored follow-up programs, eventually, beyond 5 years from the first treatment.

Predictive factors for incidental gallbladder cancer (IGBC) in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for presumed benign disease. A single-center experience.

AIM: The incidence of incidental gallbladder cancer (IGBC) is estimated at 0.3-2.1%. The purpose of our study is to evaluate IGBC incidence in our department and to establish its predictive factors, considering patients' clinical characteristics and pre-operative ultrasound gallbladder features. MATERIAL OF STUDY: From January 2012 to December 2015, 434 patients (225 females and 209 males) were enrolled in this retrospective observational study in our General Surgery Department. To analyze potential predictive factors, we divided all the patients into two groups: patients with and without histological diagnosis of IGBC. We focused our attention on the patients' clinical characteristics and preoperative ultrasound gallbladder measurements RESULTS: Seven cases were post-operatively identified as incidental gallbladder cancer (IGBC) and after histological examination an IGBC incidence of 1.6% was encountered. DISCUSSION: Considering the increasing numbers of video laparoscopic cholecystectomies (VLC) performed worldwide, cases of IGBC are appearing more frequently. In most cases of IGBC, a second surgical look will be necessary because of feasibility and safety procedures. CONCLUSIONS: There is no possibility to establish which risk factors might be predictive for IGBC because of a discordance in the literature and a statistical analysis with low sample size. An accurate surgical procedure needs to be performed to reduce the spread of neoplastic cells and, as a result, improve long-term outcomes. KEY WORDS: Incidental Gallbladder cancer, Laparoscopy, Ultrasound.