Assessing the efficacy and zootechnical performance in laying hens after administration of a 1% aqueous solution of fluralaner (Exzolt) for treating natural infestation by Menacanthus cornutus.

A brood of laying hens infested with the lice Menacanthus cornutus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) evidenced itching, irritation, and damage to their zootechnical performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the zootechnical performance and infestation control using a 1% solution of fluralaner in a brood of white laying hens infested naturally with lice. The experiment was carried out using 10,560 naturally infested chickens divided into 2 groups: a treatment group of animals that received a 1% solution of fluralaner in drinking water, at a dose of 0.05 mL/kg of body weight, in 2 administrations, 7 d apart; and a control group of infested and untreated chickens. The groups of chickens were followed for 120 d to evaluate the score of infestation and zootechnical performance. It was observed that birds in the treatment group became free of lice infestation 7 d after the administration of the first dose of a 1% solution of fluralaner. For up to 120 d after the experiment was initiated, there was no evidence of subsequent lice infestation, while continued infestation with all life stages of lice (adults, young, or eggs) was evident in the untreated control group, remaining stable during all evaluations performed. The birds in the treatment group showed improved zootechnical performance when compared to a 9.94% egg production decrease in the control group. The feed conversion and egg mass data showed statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. This study allows us to conclude that treatment with a 1% solution of fluralaner effectively controlled Menacanthus cornutus lice infestation and promoted recovery of egg production in a brood of laying hens treated with the test formulation.

Efficacy of fluralaner (Exzolt) for the treatment of natural Allopsoroptoides galli infestations in laying hens.

Mite infestations in laying hens can cause losses to producers due to stress, reduced egg production and even death of birds. A new species of mite, Allopsoroptoides galli (A. galli), Analgoidea: Psoroptoididae, was recently identified in commercial laying farms in Brazil, causing damage due to its highly aggressive infestation that results in a sharp drop in egg production and culling. The present study evaluated the acaricidal action of a formulation containing fluralaner (Exzolt) against A. galli. Thirty-four laying hens naturally infested with A. galli were equally divided into a fluralaner-treated group and an untreated control group. The fluralaner-treated group received Exzolt in drinking water at a dose of 0.05 mL/kg body weight (equivalent to 0.5 mg fluralaner/kg body weight), twice, 7 d apart. Both groups were followed for 70 d evaluating the level of infestation by counting mites in skin scrapings and assessment of skin lesions. The average mite count of the treated group decreased significantly, dropping from 61.6 to 3.8 mites (D+7 to D+70). The efficacy progressively increased on subsequent days, reaching 98.8% on d +56 post-treatment and 96.9% on d +70. Recovery of skin lesions was observed after administration of Exzolt, showing a marked remission in the degree of lesions (2.5 on d -14 to 0.2 on d +70). The mean number of mites in the untreated control group ranged from 79.3 to 124.1 and the lesion score from 2.6 to 2.9, thus remaining stable throughout the study. The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that Exzolt administered at a dose of 0.05 mL of product/kg body weight (equivalent to 0.5 mg of fluralaner/kg body weight), twice at a 7-d interval, in drinking water was effective in the treatment of the mite Allopsoroptoides galli in naturally infested laying hens.

Thermal requirements of Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) (Acari: Dermanyssidae).

The thermal requirements for development of Dermanyssus gallinae were studied under laboratory conditions at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C, a 12h photoperiod and 60-85% RH. The thermal requirements for D. gallinae were as follows. Preoviposition: base temperature 3.4 degrees C, thermal constant (k) 562.85 degree-hours, determination coefficient (R(2)) 0.59, regression equation: Y= -0.006035 + 0.001777x. Egg: base temperature 10.60 degrees C, thermal constant (k) 689.65 degree-hours, determination coefficient (R(2)) 0.94, regression equation: Y= -0.015367 + 0.001450x. Larva: base temperature 9.82 degrees C, thermal constant (k) 464.91 degree-hours, determination coefficient (R(2)) 0.87, regression equation: Y= -0.021123 + 0.002151x. Protonymph: base temperature 10.17 degrees C, thermal constant (k) 504.49 degree-hours, determination coefficient (R(2)) 0.90, regression equation: Y= -0.020152 + 0.001982x. Deutonymph: base temperature 11.80 degrees C, thermal constant (k) 501.11 degree-hours, determination coefficient (R(2)) 0.99, regression equation: Y= -0.023555 + 0.001996x. The results obtained showed that 15 to 42 generations of Dermanyssus gallinae may occur during the year in the State of São Paulo, as estimated based on isotherm charts. Dermanyssus gallinae may develop continually in the State of São Paulo, with a population decrease in the winter. There were differences between the developmental stages of D. gallinae in relation to thermal requirements.

Thermal requirements of Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) (Acari: Dermanyssidae)

The thermal requirements for development of Dermanyssus gallinae were studied under laboratory conditions at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C, a 12h photoperiod and 60-85 percent RH. The thermal requirements for D. gallinae were as follows. Preoviposition: base temperature 3.4ºC, thermal constant (k) 562.85 degree-hours, determination coefficient (R²) 0.59, regression equation: Y= -0.006035 + 0.001777 x. Egg: base temperature 10.60ºC, thermal constant (k) 689.65 degree-hours, determination coefficient (R²) 0.94, regression equation: Y= -0.015367 + 0.001450 x. Larva: base temperature 9.82ºC, thermal constant (k) 464.91 degree-hours, determination coefficient R² 0.87, regression equation: Y= -0.021123+0.002151 x. Protonymph: base temperature 10.17ºC, thermal constant (k) 504.49 degree-hours, determination coefficient (R²) 0.90, regression equation: Y= -0.020152 + 0.001982 x. Deutonymph: base temperature 11.80ºC, thermal constant (k) 501.11 degree-hours, determination coefficient (R²) 0.99, regression equation: Y= -0.023555 + 0.001996 x. The results obtained showed that 15 to 42 generations of Dermanyssus gallinae may occur during the year in the State of São Paulo, as estimated based on isotherm charts. Dermanyssus gallinae may develop continually in the State of São Paulo, with a population decrease in the winter. There were differences between the developmental stages of D. gallinae in relation to thermal requirements.

Experimentos de laboratório foram realizados visando estimar as exigências térmicas de Dermanyssus gallinae. Para isso, o desenvolvimento do ácaro foi estudado em condições de laboratório usando-se câmaras climatizadas reguladas a 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35°C, fotofase de 12h e UR de 6085 por cento. As exigências térmicas determinadas para D. gallinae foram: Pré-oviposição: temperatura base de 3,4 ºC, constante térmica (k) igual a 562,85 graus-hora, coeficiente de determinação (R²) igual a 0,59, equação de regressão: Y= -0,006035 + 0,001777 x. Ovo. Temperatura base de 10,60 ºC, constante térmica (k) igual a 689,65 graus-hora, coeficiente de determinação (R²) igual a 0,94, equação de regressão: Y= -0,015367 + 0,001450 x. Larva. Temperatura base 9,82 ºC, constante térmica (k) igual a 464,91 graus-hora, R² igual a 0,87, equação de regressão: Y= -0,021123+0,002151x. Protoninfa. Temperatura de 10,17 ºC, constante térmica (k) igual a 504,49 graus-hora, coeficiente de determinação (R²) igual a 0,90, equação de regressão: Y= -0,020152 + 0,001982 x. Deutoninfa. Temperatura de 11,80 ºC, constante (k) térmica igual a 501,11 graus-hora, coeficiente de determinação (R²) igual a 0,99, equação de regressão: Y= -0,023555 + 0,001996 x. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que no Estado de São Paulo podem ocorrem de 15 a 42 gerações/ano de D. gallinae, em estimativa baseada em isotermas. Dermanyssus gallinae pode se desenvolver continuamente no Estado de São Paulo, com diminuição da população no inverno. Existem diferenças entre os estágios de desenvolvimento de D. gallinae com relação às exigências térmicas.

Moscas sinantrópicas (Diptera) e seus predadores que se criam em esterco de aves poedeiras confinadas, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Synanthropic flies (Díptera) and their predator breending in poultry manure in the State of São Paulo-Brazil

A larval survey of synantropic flies and their predators which breed in poultry manure accumulated in poultry farms was carried out in the State of São Paulo from January 1985 to December 1988. The following species were collected: Fanniidae (Fannia trimaculata), Muscidae (Musca domestic. Muscina stabulans, Stomoxys calcitrans, Syrphidae (Ornidia obesa), Stratiomyidae (Hermetia illucens) and Calliphoridae (Chysomya putoria). Larvae require high levels of humidity and suffer severe mortality when manure moisture drops from an optimal level of 55-80% moisture to less than 30%. The optimal level of moisture for larval development was: S. calcitrans 45-55%; M.domestic, F. trimaculata and M.stabulans 55-57%; C. putoria, H. illucens and O. obesa 75-80%. No larval development occurred in manure with less than 30% moisture. Coleopteran (Histeridae, Staphylinidae and Hydrophilidae) were the most important predators of the synantropic flies immatures. Carcinops troglodytes (Histeridae) and unidentified Aleocharinae and Staphylininae (Staphylinidae) were the most common. Specimens of Hemiptera (Anthocoridae), Hymenoptera (Formicidae), Dermaptera (Labiduridae) and Pseudocorpiones were found in manure with moisture levels below 45%. Coleoptera were more abundant in 30-75% moisture levels. The abundance of predators was above 75% of moisture level.