ON THE ORIGIN OF LUNG CANCER DEVELOPMENT.

In the review on the issues of histogenesis of lung cancer (LC), the significant results of experimental, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular-biological studies are presented. However, until now, no data has been obtained that would allow scientists to come to an unambiguous decision about the origin and development of this disease. The question remains not yet fully understood, since researchers discuss the origin of LC development in a hypothetical form. This situation poses the task of further in-depth scientific research, which would make it possible to clarify the unambiguous origin of LC development, and, therefore, would allow solving the problem of its early diagnosis and create grounds for screening programs, which is of high scientific and clinical significance.

Histogenesis of central lung cancer: cytological investigation.

AIM: To study the features of the bronchial mucosa lesion in relation to centrally growing lung cancer (LC) according to diagnostic fibrobronchoscopy in comparison with the results of cytomorphological data to determine the possible origin of tumor growth (histogenesis). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The data of fibrobronchoscopy and cytological findings based on the materials of 75 patients with a clinical diagnosis of LC were studied and compared. By the sum of the numerous cytomorphological features of epithelial cells and their components, the cells of the cylindrical epithelium and LC of various histological types were identified. The cells in bronchial smears and bronchial lavage were stained by Pappenheim and Papanicolau. Diagnostic material was examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: We have found that in a part of the patients (49%), the tumors with exophytic growth in the bronchus are covered with a cylindrical epithelium, which indirectly indicates the origin of cancer growth under the epithelial layer. In cytological preparations of 51% patients, cancer cells were found, which confirms the tumor invasion into the bronchial mucosa. In 48 (64%) patients, fibrobronchoscopy revealed that the examined bronchus was compressed from 50% to pinpoint width, evidencing that tumor growth develops from the outside, peribronchially. CONCLUSION: The obtained data indirectly confirm the development of central LC from type II pneumocytes, which are found in the glands of the submucous membrane of the bronchus. However, it does not exlude the development of this type of LC from the basal cell of the bronchial epithelium.

[The cytomorphologic characteristics of diagnostics of tumors of soft tissues on paracentetic material].

The retrospective analysis of cytological and histological comparison of paracentetic material of tumors of soft tissues revealed matching in character of pathologic process in 78.72% of findings and in genesis of neoplasms in 70.21% of findings. The complexity of cytological diagnostics is determined by variety of histologic alternatives of neoplasms and their cell similarity. The erroneous interpretation, hipodiagnostics of cytograms of tumors of soft tissues more often is related to in-adequate informativity of paracentetic material. In certain cases, this due to under-estimation of distinctive morphofunctional, structural and background indications.

[The cytological diagnostics of dysplasia and epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix in studying the nucleolar-organizing regions of chromosomes].

The study of the nucleolar-organizing regions of chromosomes in the cells of dys-plastically modified squamous epithelium and epidermoid cancer of cervix was carried out. The successive increase of quantita-tive content of main morphofunctional types of nucleoli is established including active compact and transient nucleolonemic-compact ones in accordance with in-crease of dysplastic modifications and appearance of signs of epidermoid cancer of cervix. The dominance of percentage content of large argyrophilic granules in nu-cleoli of nucleolonemic type under epidermoid cancer of cervix as compared with dysplasia is established. The algorithm of differentiating cytological diagnostics of the degree of dysplasia and epidermoid cancer of cervix is developed. This algo-rithm reflects the degree of structural functional modifications of nucleolar-organizing regions of chromosomes.

[Chromosome nucleolus-forming regions in assessment of neoadjuvant radiation and combined therapy for glandular breast carcinoma].

The findings of a change in the content of the main types of nucleoli and argentophilic granules involved in the structural organization, formation of active forms allow evaluation of the efficiency of radiation exposure and its combined modes during neoadjuvant therapy for glandular breast carcinoma by cytogenetic studies. A comparative study of chromosome nucleolus-forming regions before and after neoadjuvant radiotherapy and its combined modes with polychemo- and hormone therapy makes it possible to detect such aspects of therapeutic pathomorphism as the signs of tumor cell destruction and death, which appear after radiotherapy in combination with polychemotherapy.

[Reasons for cytohistological differences in the determination of the degree of epithelial dysplasia of the cervix uteri].

Retrospective cytohistological comparison of the results of two morphological methods for diagnosing epithelial dysplastic changes in the cervix uteri made it possible to reveal and analyze a number of objective and subjective reasons for misinterpretation of cytological specimens.

[Objective cytometric parameters for evaluating the grade of induced pathomorphosis of non-small-cell lung cancer].

A comparison of cytometric features of cells from different patterns of non-small cell cancer of the lung identified variable grade of induced pathomorphosis: it presented as variable maximum effect as far as squamous cancer was concerned. The indices for glandular cancer were significantly lower and variation was reported both for increment and decrement. Effect indices represent real characteristics of pathomorphosis and scale of destruction taking place after chemotherapy.

[The cytomorphological, morphometric, and cytogenetic indices of malignant lymphoid thymoma].

The paper presents the cytomorphological, morphometric, and cytogenetic characteristics of malignant lymphoid thymoma and the similar differential diagnostic criteria for benign lymphoid thymoma and small-cell (prolymphocytic) lymphosarcoma.

[Cytological aspects of therapeutic pathomorphism of lung squamous cell carcinoma during intratumor chemotherapy].

The paper shows the rate of pathomorphism, by comparing the major cytometrical indices of squamous-cell cancer of the lung before and after single-stage intratumoral chemotherapy on the basis of studies of puncture and intraoperative specimens from 13 patients. Morphometry of 1950 relatively preserved tumor cells was made. The degree of intratumor chemotherapeutic action on tumor cells was objectively reflected in a significant difference in the mean values of the area of the cytoplasm (from 325.1 +/- 7.52 microm2 in the puncture specimens before administration of chemicals to 426.2 +/- 12.67 microm2 in the intraoperative specimens after their administration) and nuclei (from 127.9 +/- 3.45 to 179.7 +/- 7.86 microm2) and in the nuclear shape ratio (from 1.32 +/- 0.02 to 1.48 +/- 0.02).

[Cytologic diagnosis of hepatic tumors by examining puncture bioptates].

Data on cytological diagnosis of hepatic tumors (1996-2006) are evaluated. The potential of cytological examination for identification of the biological mechanism and histological pattern of such malignancies were demonstrated. Cytological examination of puncture bioptates established such diagnostic features as sensitivity (90%), specificity (88%), and effectiveness (89%) as well as prognostic significance of positive (99%) and negative (41%) results.

[Qualitative and structural peculiarities of manifestation of nucleoli-forming chromosome regions in breast cancer cells].

Qualitative differentiated study and calculation of 44404 main morphofunctional types of nucleoli has been perfomed on Ag-positive punction specimens from 50 patients with glandular breast cancer. Accordance of different for their activity morhofunctional types of nucleoli and extranucleolar argentofil granules to proliferative activity rates, malignant transformation and dystrophic changes of tumor cells has been demonstrated.

[Nucleolar organizer region activity in lymphoid cells of human lymphatic nodes in the norm]. / Otsenka aktivnosti zon iadryshkovykh organizatorov limfoidnykh kletok limfaticheskikh uzlov cheloveka v norme.

Comprehensive approach to study nucleolar organizer region activity rating in lymphoid cells of 87 human normal lymphatic nodes was proposed. Possibility of visualization of basic morphofunctional nucleolar types and different subtypes of nucleolonemal nucleoluses was demonstrated at light microscopy level basing on 7387 prolymphocyte nucleus research of argentophile granule allocation features and dimensions. Distribution index of extranucleolar argentophile granules was estimated. The complex of parameters of lymphoid cell nucleolar set can be used as control for study of different lymphoproliferative processes.

[Granular apparatus ov nucleolonema nucleoli of the immature lymphoid cells in lymphoproliferative diseases]. / Granuliarnyi apparat nuleolonemnykh iadryshek nezrelykh limfoidnykh kletok pri limfoproliferativnykh zabolevaniiakh.

A study of argentophil granules within and outside of the nucleolonem nucleoli along the area of immature lymphoid cells (5655) revealed, in Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and benign hyperplasia, differential-and-diagnostic, dimensional, quantitative and topographic parameters, which expand the possibilities of the cytological method in verifying reliably the biological nature of lymphoproliferative diseases.

[Morphometric study of lymphoid cells from non-Hodgkin lymphoma and reactive lymphadenitis]. / Morfometricheskie issledovaniia limfoidnykh kletok nekhodzhkinskikh limfom i reaktivnykh limfadenitov.

A study of morphometric parameters of lymphoid cells reveals reliably higher parameters of area, perimeter as well as coefficients of shape and nucleus diameter of malignant cells in non-Hodgkin lymphoma versus the analogical indices observed in benign lymphoproliferative processes, which is an objective differential-diagnostic feature contributing to an accurate identification of lymphoproliferative lesions.

[Main morphofunctional types of blast cell nucleoli in non-Hodgkin lymphoma and benign hyperplasia]. / Osnovnye morfofunktsional'nye tipy iadryshek blastnykh kletok pri nekhodzhkinskikh limfomakh i dobrokachestvennykh giperplaziiakh.

Expression of main morphofunctional types of blast cell nucleoli in lymphomas and benign hyperplasia was compared in the cytological material of 38 patients for revealing additional differential cytological signs of malignant transformation of lymphoid cells. Cytogenetic criteria of malignant transformation of the blast population of lymphoid cells were determined.

[Cytomorphological characteristics of ovarian dysgerminoma]. / Tsitomorfologicheskie priznaki disgerminom iaichnika.

Cytomorphological signs of ovarian dysherminoma are distinguished on suboperation material from 7 patients. Scrapings from removed ovarian tumors were stained after N. G. Alexeev and Pappenheim. Dysherminoma cytograms were characterized mainly by a combination of three cell types: large sharply polymorphic epithelioid with multiple clearly-seen nuclei, connective tissue, and lymphocyte-like cells.

[Lung neoplasms. Cytological diagnosis based on puncture biopsy specimens]. / Opukholi legkikh. Tsitologicheskaia diagnostika po punktsionnomu materialu.

Twelve-year experience gained in cytological diagnosis of lung tumors by examining puncture biopsy specimens in 2536 patients is analyzed. The results indicate that before cytological verification of the diagnosis, patients with squamous-cell and glandular lung cancers were examined at various institutions for up to 6 months and patients with nondifferentiated cancer for up to 3 months, the majority (57%) patients being of socially active age (45-60 years). In 1793 (70.7%) patients the cytological method was the only possibility of morphological interpretation of the pathological process in the lung before treatment. Analysis of informative puncture biopsy specimens helped identify the process in 2238 (92.4%) patients. Cyto-histological correlations showed high diagnostic sensitivity (98.7%), efficiency (97.3%), and specificity (86.0%) of examining puncture biopsy specimens by the cytological method.

[The puncture cytological diagnosis of neoplasms of the mediastinum (11 years of experience)]. / Punktsionnaia tsitologicheskaia diagnostika novoobrazovanii sredosteniia (11-letnii opyt).

Routinely stained cytological preparations of puncture biopsy specimens of mediastinal tumors from 870 patients are examined. Diagnostically informative material is investigated in 759 (87.3%) cases; malignant tumors are diagnosed in 538 (62%) cases, benign in 221 (25.2%). In 59 (6.8%) cases the cytological answers were descriptive, and in 52 (6%) puncture biopsy material was not informative for cytological verification. Diagnostic sensitivity of the cytological method is 94%, diagnostic specificity 71%, and diagnostic efficacy 91%.