The Effects of 2100 MHz Radio Frequency Radiation on Thyroid Tissues

ABSTRACT Objective: To reveal the effect of 2100 MHz radio frequency (RF) radiation on thyroid tissues of rats in the 10 days (group E1) and 40 days (group G1) exposure groups. Methods: In this study, 30 healthy female Wistar albino rats, weighing 200−256 g each, were used. The animals were randomly divided into four groups (E1, E2, G1 and G2). Groups E2 and G2 served as the control groups. The exposure groups were exposed to 2100 MHz RF radiation emitted by a generator, simulating a 3G-mobile phone for 6 hours/day, 5 consecutive days/week, at the same time of the day (between 9 am and 3 pm), for 10 days (group E1) and 40 days (group G1). Results: Catalase and xanthine oxidase enzyme activities were compared between the groups E1 and E2; it was found that the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Between the groups G1 and G2, the difference was found to be significant with respect to catalase activities. Tissue samples of the early and late groups showed no serious pathological findings in the histopathological examination. Conclusion: We believe that comprehensive, clinical and experimental studies are needed to assess the effect of the RF exposure duration and dosage of exposure on thyroid tissues.

Ultrastructural view of a promising anti TNF-α agent on hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia reperfusion causes injury to the liver cells during transplantation, trauma and emergency surgery. We investigated whether the anti TNF-α agent, etanercept, can reduce injury in an animal model of ischemia reperfusion owing to the fact that TNF-α plays a critical role in the process of inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into three groups: sham (Group 1), control (Group 2), etanercept (5 mg/kg) treatment (Group 3). Ischemia-reperfusion model was carried out by clamping the hepatic pedicle for 45 min and then reperfusing the liver for 60 min. Etanercept (5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 5 min prior to reperfusion. At the end of the procedures, blood and liver tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological assessment. RESULTS: Control and treatment groups showed significant differences in hepatic function tests, plasma and tissue oxidative stress parameters. Samples in the control group histopathologically showed morphologic abnormalities specific to ischemia reperfusion. Histomorphologic findings in the treatment groups showed similar features as the sham group. CONCLUSIONS: Our evidence suggests that TNF-α plays a key role in liver ischemia reperfusion injury and etanercept may provide a novel therapeutic approach for patients undergoing liver surgical procedure (Tab. 3, Fig. 4, Ref. 22).

Effects of Ankaferd Blood Stopper and calcium alginate in experimental model of hepatic parenchymal bleeding.

BACKGROUND: This experimental study compared the hemostatic effects of calcium alginate and Anka-ferd Blood Stopper in hepatic parenchymal bleedings. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study comprised 39 male Wistar albino rats (weight 230±30 g). Laceration model was created in the left lateral lobe of the liver. Standard cotton gauze that was impregnated 0.9% NaCl solution and Calcium alginate cover was compared to ABS tampon. The amount of preoperative bleeding, preoperative and postoperative Day 1 hematocrit levels, and the difference between them were assessed and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Comparing the hematocrit levels between the groups, we found that the amount of bleeding was significantly higher in the control group versus the study groups (p<0.001). Histopathological examination revealed the portal area enlargement and biliary canaliculi proliferation. In the Ca2+ Alginate group, it was observed that the fibres were still present in the incision line with massive fibrotic area around. In the Ankaferd group, examination of the preparations revealed patchy focal necrosis areas but no fibrotic area. CONCLUSION: With this study, we demonstrated that both calcium alginate and Ankaferd have hemostatic effect in preventing hepatic parenchymal bleeding and that calcium alginate causes fibrosis in the liver, where ABS causes focal necrosis areas(Tab. 2, Fig. 4, Ref. 19).

Evaluation of intraabdominal adhesion generating potentials of ankaferd and calcium alginate used as hemostatic agents.

AIM: The present study aimed to evaluate intra-abdominal adhesion generating potential of Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS), which was used as postoperative hemostatic agent in the rats that underwent surgery, in comparison with Ca-alginate. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Totally, 30 rats were randomized into 4 groups. In the control group, 1x1 cm peritoneum was removed from the right lower quadrant after cecal abrasion. In the other two study groups, the same procedure was performed after Ankaferd Blood Stopper and Ca-alginate application respectively. RESULTS were evaluated both histopathologically and by adhesion scoring methods. All results underwent statistical analysis. RESULTS: Comparing overall results, no statistically significant difference was found between the sham, control, ABS and Ca-alginate groups (p = 0.099). Paired group comparisons revealed no statistically significant difference between the sham group and the control, ABS, and Ca-alginate groups (p = 0.222, p = 0.222, and p = 0.833 respectively). It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference between the control and ABS groups (p = 0.505), but there was a statistically significant difference between the control and Ca-alginate groups with Bonferroni correction (p = 0.028). Histopathological examination revealed no statistical difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, intra-abdominal adhesion generating potentials of Ca-alginate and ABS were experimentally evaluated and macroscopic and microscopic comparisons revealed no significant difference between sham, control, Ca-alginate, and ABS groups (Fig. 8, Ref. 36). Text in PDF www.elis.sk. agent.

Evaluation of incidental thyroid cancer in patients with thyroidectomy / Evaluación incidental del cáncer de tiroides en pacientes con tiroidectomía

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to emphasize the necessity and significance of thyroidectomy by determining the prevalence of incidental thyroid cancer in the cases that underwent surgical intervention for the treatment of benign thyroid disease. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Thyroidectomy was performed in 443 cases including those with benign multinodular goitre (BMNG) or toxic adenoma or toxic multinodular goitre. Diagnosis was made based on routine physical examination, laboratory analyses, imaging methods and postoperative histopathological findings of the cases. RESULTS: The mean age of the cases was 45.5 (19-68) years and 72.5% (n = 321) were female. The most common clinical diagnosis prior to the surgery was BMNG (n = 428, 96.6%). While BMNG was determined to be the most common histopathological diagnosis after thyroidectomy at a rate of 81.7% (n = 362), the rate of thyroid cancer was found to be 14% (n = 81). The prevalence ofpapillary cancer was 84% (n = 56), whereas it was 4% (n = 4), 1% (n = 1) and 0.0% (n = 0) for medullary, follicular and anaplastic cancers, respectively. Papillary cancer was also the most common type of thyroid cancer between genders. As compared to gender, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of distribution of age among general, benign and malignant types of thyroid cancer (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is appropriate to prefer thyroidectomy for the treatment of benign thyroid diseases due to the high prevalence ofincidental thyroid cancer after thyroidectomy in such cases.

OBJETIVO: El presente estudio tiene por objeto destacar la necesidad e importancia de la tiroidectomía mediante la determinación de la prevalencia del cáncer de tiroides incidental en los casos sometidos a intervención quirúrgica para el tratamiento de enfermedades tiroideas benignas. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Se practicó la tiroidectomía en 443 casos incluyendo aquellos con bocio multinodular benigno (BMNG) o adenoma tóxico o bocio multinodular tóxico. El diagnóstico se realizó a partir de un examen físico de rutina, análisis de laboratorio, métodos de imaginología, y resultados histopatológicos postoperatorios de los casos. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio de los casos fue 45.5 años (19-68) y 73% (n = 321) eran mujeres. El diagnóstico clínico más común antes de la cirugía fue BMNG (n = 428, 96,6%). Si bien se determinó que BMNG era el diagnóstico histopatológico más frecuente después de la tiroidectomía con una tasa de 81.7% (n = 362), se halló que la tasa de cáncer de tiroides era 14% (n = 81). La prevalencia de cáncer papilar fue de 84% (n = 56), mientras que para el cáncer medular, folicular y anaplásico, fue de 4% (n = 4), 1% (n = 1) y 0.0% (n = 0) respectivamente. El cáncer papilar también fue el tipo más común de cáncer de tiroides entre los géneros. En comparación con el género, no hubo ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto a la distribución por edad entre los tipos generales, benignos y malignos de cáncer de tiroides (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: Es apropiado preferir la tiroidectomía para el tratamiento de las enfermedades tiroideas benignas debido a la alta prevalencia de cáncer tiroideo incidental después de la tiroidectomía en tales casos.

Evaluation of incidental thyroid cancer in patients with thyroidectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Variations such as communications between median nerve and musculocutaneous nerve or in their abnormal branching pattern constitute a major concern in clinical and surgical field. Knowledge of these variations not only provides the clinician with a proper interpretation of the case, but also minimizes the complication in surgical approaches in this region. METHOD: We examined 50 isolated upper limbs to investigate the possible incidences of various types of communications between these two neighbouring peripheral nerves. RESULT: Twenty-eight per cent of limbs were found to have communication between these two nerves. When categorized according to Venieratos and Anagnostopoulou's classification method, 11 out of 14 cases (79%) showed type I communications, two out of 14 (14%) showed type II and the remaining one (7%) showed type III communication pattern. CONCLUSION: Prior knowledge of communications between these two neighbouring nerves, both in terms of their incidences and pattern of communications, may be of considerable significance to neurologists and orthopaedicians in dealing with nerve entrapment syndromes in the upper limb of patients.