Enfermedad de Mondor: reporte de un caso / Mondor's disease: a case report

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Association of Canine Osteosarcoma and Monocyte Phenotype and Chemotactic Function.

BACKGROUND: Monocytes/macrophages are likely key cells in immune modulation in dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA). Increased peripheral monocyte counts are negatively correlated with shorter disease-free intervals in dogs with OSA. Understanding the monocyte/macrophage's modulatory role in dogs with OSA can direct further studies in immunotherapy development for OSA. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: That OSA evades the immune response by down-regulating monocyte chemokine receptor expression and migratory function, and suppresses host immune responses. ANIMALS: Eighteen dogs with OSA that have not received definitive treatment and 14 healthy age-matched controls METHODS: Clinical study-expression of peripheral blood monocyte cell surface receptors, monocyte mRNA expression and cytokine secretion, monocyte chemotaxis, and survival were compared between clinical dogs with OSA and healthy control dogs. RESULTS: Cell surface expression of multiple chemokine receptors is significantly down-regulated in peripheral blood monocytes of dogs with OSA. The percentage expression of CCR2 (median 58%, range 2-94%) and CXCR2 expression (median 54%, range 2-92%) was higher in control dogs compared to dogs with OSA (CCR2 median 29%, range 3-45%, P = 0.0006; CXCR2 median 23%, range 0.2-52%, P = 0.0007). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) (OSA, median 347.36 pg/mL, range 103.4-1268.5; control, 136.23 pg/mL, range 69.93-542.6, P = .04) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (P = .02) levels are increased in OSA monocyte culture supernatants compared to controls. Peripheral blood monocytes of dogs with OSA exhibit decreased chemotactic function when compared to control dogs (OSA, median 1.2 directed to random migration, range 0.8-1.25; control, 1.6, range of 0.9-1.8, P = .018). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Dogs with OSA have decreased monocyte chemokine receptor expression and monocyte chemotaxis, potential mechanisms by which OSA might evade the immune response. Reversal of monocyte dysfunction using immunotherapy could improve survival in dogs with OSA.

A review of sentinel lymph node evaluation and the need for its incorporation into veterinary oncology.

Being the first lymph node or nodes to which many primary tumours reliably drain, the disease status of the sentinel lymph node/s (SLN) is important in the prediction of survival. SLN identification and biopsy are critical in the staging of human cancers. The status of the SLN helps determine prognosis and shape treatment plans. SLN evaluation is currently not routinely performed in veterinary oncology, not even at specialty oncology practices. Given the prognostic importance of lymph node involvement in tumours such as mammary gland carcinoma, osteosarcoma, synovial cell sarcoma and mast cell tumours, SLN evaluation should be incorporated into routine clinical practice so as to improve our clinical assessment of veterinary oncologic patients.

A case of thanatophoric dysplasia: the early prenatal 2D and 3D sonographic findings and molecular confirmation of diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To present the early 2D and 3D ultrasound findings and the molecular confirmation in a case of thanatophoric dysplasia. METHODS: On ultrasound examination, there was frontal bossing, increased nuchal translucency and short limbs at 12 weeks' gestation and a small thorax and short and bowed long bones on 3D at 16 weeks. Amniocentesis and DNA analysis confirmed the mutation of FGFR3 gene indicating thanatophoric dysplasia. RESULTS: After medical termination of pregnancy, the postmortem X-ray and pathology examination findings were consistent with the diagnosis. CONCLUSION: 3D anatomy scan and molecular confirmation may be helpful in early diagnosis and genetic counseling of thanatophoric dysplasia.

Serial transvaginal ultrasonography following McDonald cerclage and repeat suture insertion.

The aim of this study was to explore the hypothesis that serial transvaginal ultrasonography identifies early evidence of suture failure and that repeat cerclage delays delivery. We undertook a review of our policy of transvaginal ultrasonographic cervical surveillance after McDonald cerclage and of repeat suture insertion if persistent cervical effacement developed. Data from 26 pregnancies in 26 women are analyzed. The women had had a total of 57 mid-trimester miscarriages with a median of 2 (1-6) mid-trimester losses per woman. Twelve (46%) of the 26 women developed cervical changes at scan and underwent repeat cerclage. All 14 women who had a single suture inserted progressed to live births but 1 of the 13 women who had repeat cerclage had a mid-trimester miscarriage (p>0.05). The median gestation at delivery for the women who had repeat cerclage was 35 (22-39) weeks compared with 38 (36-40) weeks for those who had a single suture (p>0.05). The median interval from the detection of cervical changes at scan to delivery was 13 (4-19) weeks. Serial transvaginal ultrasonography after cervical cerclage identifies a group of women who are more likely to deliver preterm, and provides an opportunity for intervention (repeat cerclage) which appears to delay delivery by an average of 7 weeks.

Morphology and toxicity of Abeta-(1-42) dimer derived from neuritic and vascular amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's disease.

In the course of analyzing the chemical composition of Alzheimer's disease neuritic and vascular amyloid, we have purified stable dimeric and trimeric components of Abeta peptides. These peptides (molecular mass 9.0 and 13.5 kDa) were separated by size exclusion chromatography in the presence of 80% formic acid or 5 guanidine thiocyanate, pH 7.4. The average ratio of monomers, dimers, and trimers was 55:30:15, respectively. Similar structures were produced over time upon incubation of synthetic Abeta-(1-42) at pH 7.4. The stability of these oligomeric forms was also demonstrated by Western blot and mass spectrometry. Atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy rotary shadowing revealed that the monomers polymerized into 8-10-nm filaments, whereas the dimers generated prolate ellipsoids measuring 3-4 nm in diameter. The pathogenic effects of the dimeric Abeta-(1-40/42) were tested in cultures of rat hippocampal neuron glia cells. Only in the presence of microglia did the dimer elicit neuronal killing. It is possible that these potentially pathogenic Abeta-(1-40/42) dimers and trimers from Alzheimer's disease amyloid represent the soluble oligomers of Abeta recently described in Alzheimer's disease brains (Kuo, Y.-M., Emmerling, M. R., Vigo-Pelfrey, C., Kasunic, T. C., Kirkpatrick, J. B., Murdoch, G. H., Ball, M. J., and Roher, A. E. (1996) J. Biol. Chem., 271, 4077-4081).

Pre-eclampsia and trisomy 13.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reported association between field trisomy 13 and maternal pre-eclampsia. DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study. SUBJECTS: Twenty-five women who gave birth to trisomy 13 infants in southwest England between 1971 and 1989; 38 women who gave birth to trisomy 18 infants in the same region over the same time and 50 women with normal karyotype infants matched for age, parity, and date of delivery with the trisomy 13 group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The medical records of all the women in the three groups were analysed for evidence of pre-eclampsia. Four different thresholds of pre-eclampsia were used. The incidence of pre-eclampsia was compared between the three study groups and analysed separately for primigravid and multigravid women. RESULTS: The incidence of pre-eclampsia in pregnancies complicated by trisomy 13 was significantly higher than the incidence in the trisomy 18 and the normal karyotype control groups. This association was more pronounced in primigravid pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: This, the largest survey of trisomy 13 and pre-eclampsia to date, suggests an association between the two conditions. It also supports the argument for a fetal factor in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. We speculate on how genes encoded on chromosome 13 may be responsible.

Carbon isotope ratios demonstrate carbon flux from c(4) host to c(3) parasite.

Carbon isotope ratios of mature leaves from the C(3) angiosperm root hemiparasites Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth (-26.7 per thousand) and S. asiatica (L.) Kuntze (-25.6 per thousand) were more negative than their C(4) host, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench cv CSH1), (-13.5 per thousand). However, in young photosynthetically incompetent plants of S. hermonthica this difference was reduced to less than 1 per thousand. Differences between the carbon isotope ratios of two C(3)-C(3) associations, S. gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke-Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. and Oryza sativa L.-Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.) Benth differed by less than 1 per thousand. Theoretical carbon isotope ratios for mature leaves of S. hermonthica and S. asiatica, calculated from foliar gas exchange measurements, were -31.8 and -32.0 per thousand, respectively. This difference between the measured and theoretical delta(13)C-values of 5 to 6 per thousand suggests that even in mature, photosynthetically active plants, there is substantial input of carbon from the C(4) host. We estimate this to be approximately 28% of the total carbon in S. hermonthica and 35% in S. asiatica. This level of carbon transfer contributes to the host's growth reductions observed in Striga-infected sorghum.

Gas exchange characteristics of the sorghum-striga host-parasite association.

Gas exchange characteristics are reported for both members of the sorghum-Striga host-parasite association. Both Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth and Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze had transpiration rates considerably in excess of those of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, cv CSH1). Stomatal conductance in both Striga spp. showed little response to periods of darkness and moderate water stress. Low rates of net CO(2) fixation and high rates of dark respiration led to no net daily (24 hours) C gain, and Striga would appear to be reliant on its host for photosynthate. Infection of sorghum plants with either S. hermonthica or S. asiatica reduced host photosynthetic capacity. Infected sorghum plants were also more prone to water stress, but reduced rates of CO(2) fixation could not be accounted for in terms of lower stomatal conductance. Lower stomatal conductances were associated with an increase in water use efficiency (WUE) in uninfected sorghum; however, Striga-infected sorghum plants had lower WUE than those of uninfected plants. We suggest that Striga exerts a specific effect on processes affecting C acquisition in sorghum leaves. The water relations of S. hermonthica and S. asiatica are not characteristic of plants growing in semiarid environments and are more likely to reflect the nature of the parasitic life-style. Despite transfer of water and solutes from host to parasite, the reduction in C fixation observed in infected sorghum plants appears to be the major determinant of growth reductions observed in sorghum supporting Striga.

INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ASPECTS OF NITROGEN METABOLISM AND SOLUTE ACCUMULATION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUBTROPICAL WOODY PLANTS IN SOUTHEAST AFRICA.

Little is known of the mechanisms governing nitrogen metabolism and stress tolerance in woody plants of subtropical southeast African savannas, although many of the more widely occurring genera, particularly Acacia and Combretum species, include valuable multi-purpose trees. Basal nitrate reductase activities in vigorous leaves from 59 species and five savanna areas were used as a measure of nitrate availability. Consistently low activities were found in many of the legumes and in members of the Combretaceae. When shoots from 35 of these same species were provided with supplementary nitrate solution, increased reductase activity was recorded in a number of taxa, including non-nodulating legumes belonging to the Caesalpinioideae. Nodulating legumes did not behave in the same way. Either proline or quaternary ammonium compounds, examples of stress metabolites, accumulated in the shoots of a range of taxa belonging to a number of families. The highest concentrations occurred in shoots collected from the driest areas. Amounts of tannin were high in some species but showed no consistent pattern.