Factors associated with preventable infant death: a multiple logistic regression.

OBJECTIVE To identify and analyze factors associated with preventable child deaths. METHODS This analytical cross-sectional study had preventable child mortality as dependent variable. From a population of 34,284 live births, we have selected a systematic sample of 4,402 children who did not die compared to 272 children who died from preventable causes during the period studied. The independent variables were analyzed in four hierarchical blocks: sociodemographic factors, the characteristics of the mother, prenatal and delivery care, and health conditions of the patient and neonatal care. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis and estimated multiple hierarchical logistic regression models. RESULTS Approximatelly 35.3% of the deaths could have been prevented with the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases during pregnancy and 26.8% of them could have been prevented with better care conditions for pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS The following characteristics of the mother are determinant for the higher mortality of children before the first year of life: living in neighborhoods with an average family income lower than four minimum wages, being aged ≤ 19 years, having one or more alive children, having a child with low APGAR level at the fifth minute of life, and having a child with low birth weight.

Factors associated with preventable infant death: a multiple logistic regression

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify and analyze factors associated with preventable child deaths. METHODS This analytical cross-sectional study had preventable child mortality as dependent variable. From a population of 34,284 live births, we have selected a systematic sample of 4,402 children who did not die compared to 272 children who died from preventable causes during the period studied. The independent variables were analyzed in four hierarchical blocks: sociodemographic factors, the characteristics of the mother, prenatal and delivery care, and health conditions of the patient and neonatal care. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis and estimated multiple hierarchical logistic regression models. RESULTS Approximatelly 35.3% of the deaths could have been prevented with the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases during pregnancy and 26.8% of them could have been prevented with better care conditions for pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS The following characteristics of the mother are determinant for the higher mortality of children before the first year of life: living in neighborhoods with an average family income lower than four minimum wages, being aged ≤ 19 years, having one or more alive children, having a child with low APGAR level at the fifth minute of life, and having a child with low birth weight.

[Telephone monitoring service for pregnant women and impact on prevalence of prematurity and associated risk factors in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil]. / Impacto do monitoramento telefônico de gestantes na prevalência da prematuridade e análise dos fatores de risco associados em Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil.

This study aims to assess the impact of a telephone monitoring service on prevalence of prematurity and to analyze associated risk factors using data on 2,739 pregnant women. Estimation was based on hierarchical multiple logistic regression, with p ≤ 0.05 for variables to remain in the model. Prevalence of preterm birth was 8.34% in monitored pregnant women and 10.18% in unmonitored women (p = 0.0058). Prevalence of preterm birth was inversely proportional to the number of monitoring calls (p < 0.0001). Variables associated with prematurity were maternal age < 19 years, history of death of two or more children, multiple pregnancy, diabetes, hypertension, fewer monitoring calls, extended standing or lifting heavy weights at work, smoking, fewer prenatal visits, no ultrasound examination, gestational diabetes, multiple pregnancy, and fetal abnormality. This low-cost strategy proved effective for reducing the preterm birth rate.

Impacto do monitoramento telefônico de gestantes na prevalência da prematuridade e análise dos fatores de risco associados em Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil / Telephone monitoring service for pregnant women and impact on prevalence of prematurity and associated risk factors in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil / Impacto del monitoreo telefónico de mujeres embarazadas en la prevalencia de partos prematuros y análisis de factores de riesgo asociados en Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil

Resumo: Objetivou-se verificar o impacto do monitoramento telefônico na prevalência da prematuridade e identificar os fatores de risco associados ao parto prematuro através de estudo transversal, de universo de gestantes monitoradas nos anos de 2010, 2011 e 2012 (n = 2.739). Utilizou-se estimação de modelos de regressão logística múltipla hierarquizada, considerando permanência no modelo p ≤ 0,05. A prevalência de prematuridade foi de 8,34% nas gestantes monitoradas e de 10,18% nas não monitoradas (p = 0,0058), sendo inversamente proporcional ao número de monitoramentos (p < 0,0001). As variáveis associadas foram: idade materna menor que 19 anos, antecedentes de dois ou mais filhos mortos, gestação múltipla, diabetes e hipertensão arterial, menor número de monitoramentos telefônicos, atividades laborais em pé e/ou carga de peso, fumo, número de consultas pré-natal, sem ultrassonografia, diabetes gestacional, gravidez múltipla e anomalia fetal. Com custos baixos, a estratégia demonstrou ser efetiva na redução da ocorrência do parto prematuro.

Abstract: This study aims to assess the impact of a telephone monitoring service on prevalence of prematurity and to analyze associated risk factors using data on 2,739 pregnant women. Estimation was based on hierarchical multiple logistic regression, with p ≤ 0.05 for variables to remain in the model. Prevalence of preterm birth was 8.34% in monitored pregnant women and 10.18% in unmonitored women (p = 0.0058). Prevalence of preterm birth was inversely proportional to the number of monitoring calls (p < 0.0001). Variables associated with prematurity were maternal age < 19 years, history of death of two or more children, multiple pregnancy, diabetes, hypertension, fewer monitoring calls, extended standing or lifting heavy weights at work, smoking, fewer prenatal visits, no ultrasound examination, gestational diabetes, multiple pregnancy, and fetal abnormality. This low-cost strategy proved effective for reducing the preterm birth rate.

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto de monitoreo telefónico en la prevalencia de los partos prematuros y de los factores de riesgo asociados con el parto prematuro a través de un estudio transversal con datos de 2.739 mujeres embarazadas en Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Se utilizó la estimación de modelos de regresión logística múltiple jerárquica, considerando permanecer en el modelo de p ≤ 0,05. La prevalencia de parto prematuro era 8,34% en las mujeres embarazadas monitoreadas y 10,18% en sin control (p = 0,00058), siendo inversamente proporcional al número de monitoreo (p < 0,0001). Las variables asociadas fueron: edad materna de 19 años, una historia de dos o más niños muertos, embarazo múltiple, diabetes e hipertensión, menos monitoreo telefónico, actividades industriales a pie y/o con peso/carga, tabaquismo, menos visitas prenatales, sin ultrasonido, diabetes gestacional, embarazo múltiple y anormalidad fetal. Con menores costes, la estrategia resultó una medida eficaz para reducir la incidencia de parto prematuro.

Assessment of sleep bruxism, orthodontic treatment need, orofacial dysfunctions and salivary biomarkers in asthmatic children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sleep bruxism, malocclusions, orofacial dysfunctions and salivary levels of cortisol and alpha-amylase in asthmatic children. DESIGN: 108 7-9-yr-old children were selected from Policlinic Santa Teresinha Doutor Antonio Haddad Dib (asthmatics, n=53) and from public schools (controls, n=55), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Sleep bruxism diagnosis was confirmed by parental report of grinding sounds and the presence of shiny and polish facets on incisors and/or first permanent molars. The index of orthodontic treatment need was used for occlusion evaluation. Orofacial dysfunctions were evaluated using the nordic orofacial test-screening (NOT-S). Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase were expressed as "awakening response" (AR), calculated as the difference between levels immediately after awakening and 30 min after waking, and "diurnal decline" (DD), calculated as the difference between levels at 30 min after waking and at bedtime. Data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk/Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi-square, unpaired t test/Mann-Whitney and paired t/Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: Sleep bruxism was more prevalent in children with asthma than controls (47.2% vs. 27.3%, p<0.05). Asthmatics had higher scores of NOT-S total and interview (p<0.05). Dysfunctions on sensory function and chewing and swallowing were more frequent in asthmatics (p<0.05). Salivary cortisol AR on weekend was significantly higher for asthmatics (p<0.05). Salivary cortisol DD was significantly higher on weekday than weekend for controls (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in alpha-amylase values in and between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of asthma in children was associated with sleep bruxism, negative perception of sensory, chewing and swallowing functions, and higher concentrations of salivary cortisol on weekend.

[Impact variables on the decline in infant mortality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: 1998-2008]. / Variáveis de impacto na queda da mortalidade infantil no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 1998 a 2008.

This is an ecological, analytical and retrospective study comprising the 645 municipalities in the State of São Paulo, the scope of which was to determine the relationship between socioeconomic, demographic variables and the model of care in relation to infant mortality rates in the period from 1998 to 2008. The ratio of average annual change for each indicator per stratum coverage was calculated. Infant mortality was analyzed according to the model for repeated measures over time, adjusted for the following correction variables: the city's population, proportion of Family Health Programs (PSFs) deployed, proportion of Growth Acceleration Programs (PACs) deployed, per capita GDP and SPSRI (São Paulo social responsibility index). The analysis was performed by generalized linear models, considering the gamma distribution. Multiple comparisons were performed with the likelihood ratio with chi-square approximate distribution, considering a significance level of 5%. There was a decrease in infant mortality over the years (p < 0.05), with no significant difference from 2004 to 2008 (p > 0.05). The proportion of PSFs deployed (p < 0.0001) and per capita GDP (p < 0.0001) were significant in the model. The decline of infant mortality in this period was influenced by the growth of per capita GDP and PSFs.

Variáveis de impacto na queda da mortalidade infantil no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 1998 a 2008 / Impact variables on the decline in infant mortality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: 1998-2008

Trata-se de estudo ecológico analítico, retrospectivo, composto pelos 645 municípios do Estado de São Paulo, cujo objetivo foi verificar a relação entre variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e modelo de atenção, em relação ao coeficiente de mortalidade infantil, no período de 1998 a 2008. Foi calculada a proporção de variação média anual para cada indicador por estrato de cobertura. A mortalidade infantil foi analisada segundo modelo de medidas repetidas no tempo, ajustado para as variáveis de correção: população do município, proporção de PSF implantado, proporção de PACS implantado, PIB per capita e IPRS (índice paulista de responsabilidade social). A análise foi realizada por modelos lineares generalizados, considerando a distribuição gama. Comparações múltiplas foram realizadas pela razão de verossimilhança com distribuição aproximada qui-quadrado, considerando-se nível de significância de 5%. Houve diminuição da mortalidade infantil no decorrer dos anos (p < 0,05), não havendo diferença significativa de 2004 a 2008 (p > 0,05). A proporção de PSF implantado (p < 0,0001) e o PIB per capita (p < 0,0001) foram significativos no modelo. A queda da mortalidade infantil no período analisado foi influenciada pelo crescimento do PIB per capita e pelo modelo Saúde da Família.

This is an ecological, analytical and retrospective study comprising the 645 municipalities in the State of São Paulo, the scope of which was to determine the relationship between socioeconomic, demographic variables and the model of care in relation to infant mortality rates in the period from 1998 to 2008. The ratio of average annual change for each indicator per stratum coverage was calculated. Infant mortality was analyzed according to the model for repeated measures over time, adjusted for the following correction variables: the city's population, proportion of Family Health Programs (PSFs) deployed, proportion of Growth Acceleration Programs (PACs) deployed, per capita GDP and SPSRI (São Paulo social responsibility index). The analysis was performed by generalized linear models, considering the gamma distribution. Multiple comparisons were performed with the likelihood ratio with chi-square approximate distribution, considering a significance level of 5%. There was a decrease in infant mortality over the years (p < 0.05), with no significant difference from 2004 to 2008 (p > 0.05). The proportion of PSFs deployed (p < 0.0001) and per capita GDP (p < 0.0001) were significant in the model. The decline of infant mortality in this period was influenced by the growth of per capita GDP and PSFs.