Descemet's membrane detachment after Nd:YAG laser iridotomy in a patient with pseudoexfoliation.

Laser peripheral iridotomy is a relatively safe and an effective treatment for pupillary block. Descemet's membrane detachment (DMD) is an uncommon condition that occurs as a complication of intraocular surgery or after trauma. In this article, we report a case of DMD in a 71-year-old man after Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet laser peripheral iridotomy in an eye with pseudoexfoliation. The shock waves formed during photodisruption may produce linear cracks at the level of Descemet's membrane; resulting in detachment. Hence, it is important to be aware of this rare complication especially in eyes with a shallow anterior chamber and predisposing factors like pseudoexfoliation.

Surgically induced astigmatism and refractive outcomes following phacotrabeculectomy.

Purpose: To objectively evaluate surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) after phacotrabeculectomy using keratometry and topography and to compare the magnitude of SIA and the refractive outcomes of single-site and twin-site phacotrabeculectomies. Methods: Forty prospective subjects were enrolled in the study and were randomized into single-site and twin-site cohorts. SIA was objectively assessed using keratometry and Orbscan before and at three months after surgery. For both cohorts, the changes in SIA were assessed using power vector analysis compared at the third month after surgery. Results: Each cohort consisted of 20 eyes. The preoperative parameters and postoperative IOP were comparable and similar, respectively, in both the cohorts (P = 0.1). Majority of the patients in both the cohorts had preoperative against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism. The median change in SIA at the three-month postoperative visit was similar in both the cohorts, with a small increase in ATR astigmatism. Although the SIA change measured by keratometry in the J0 component was similar in both the groups (P = 0.54), that of J45 was significantly different (P = 0.01). However, the median change in SIA was similar in both the groups for both the J0 (P = 0.52) and J45 components (P = 0.94) when measured by Orbscan. The SIA in both the groups measured with keratometry (P = 0.62) and topography (P = 0.52) were clinically and statistically similar. In both the groups, the refraction was similar at 1 month and 3 months. Conclusion: The SIA as measured with keratometry and topography was similar in the single-site and twin-site phacotrabeculectomy cohorts at the end of 3-months. The postoperative refraction was stabilized in 1-month in both the groups.

Safety and efficacy of paediatric silicone Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) in adult eyes with post-VR surgery glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy of the FP8 AGV (paediatric) with the standard FP7 AGV in adult post-vitreoretinal (VR) surgery glaucoma. METHODS: We included 45 consecutive eyes with post-VR surgery glaucoma implanted with either FP8 (n = 28) or FP7 (n = 17) AGV between 2008 and 2016. The data analysed included visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), complications, interventions, and outcomes. RESULTS: Mean age (p = 0.24), mean baseline VA (p = 0.77), preoperative IOP (p = 0.41), number of antiglaucoma medications (p = 0.92), and previous surgeries (p = 0.16) were comparable in the two groups. The number of eyes with previous belt buckle was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the FP8 group (17/28) compared with the FP7 group (2/17), indicating space constraint and scarred conjunctiva. The median follow-up (25th, 75th percentile) was 14.7 (9.1, 25.3) months in the FP7 and 9.8 (6.4, 34.7) months in the FP8 groups (p = 0.62). Postoperatively, the median VA (p = 0.24), the mean IOP at final follow-up (p = 0.15), and median number of AGM (p = 0.99) were comparable in both the groups. The median percentage drop in IOP (95% confidence interval) with the FP7 implant was 55% (43.70%) and with FP8 implant was 53.8% (25, 73), (p = 0.20). None in the FP7 group failed, while three eyes in the FP8 group failed. During the study period, two eyes in the FP8 group had tube exposure that was surgically managed. None of the eyes had implant exposure or loss of light perception. CONCLUSION: Use of the paediatric FP8 AGV in adult post-VR surgery glaucoma eyes with severe conjunctival scarring and limited subconjunctival space resulted in reasonable IOP control compared with the standard FP7 AGV implant. There were no eyes with implant extrusion.

Outcomes of Silicone Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation in Refractory Pediatric Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of Silicone Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (AGV) implantation in the management of refractory pediatric glaucoma. METHODS: Between 2007 and 2015, 76 eyes of 64 children aged 16 years or younger underwent AGV implantation. We included 65 eyes of 53 children with follow up ≥6 months; 24 eyes had primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and 41 eyes had secondary pediatric glaucoma (SPG). Success was defined as IOP>5 and ≤21 mm Hg with or without topical antiglaucoma medications; considered failure, when repeat glaucoma surgery was need or loss of light perception. Primary outcome measure was success of AGV in refractory pediatric glaucomas and secondary outcome measure was comparison of outcomes in PCG and SPG. RESULTS: The median age at AGV implantation was 3 years (interquartile range, 2, 12), and median follow up was 27 months (15, 39). The overall cumulative success probability was 88% [95% confidence interval (CI), 76%-94%] at 1 year and was maintained up to 4 years. The success probability in PCG was 91% (80.8%-100%), and SPG was 83% (72%-96%) at 1 year and 4 years (P=0.49). Among the preoperative factors, number of previous intraocular surgeries (hazard ratio of 2.24; 95% CI, 1.14-4.37, was significantly associated with failure; P=0.01). Tube-related complications (16%) were similar in both the groups. One eye in each group had sight-threatening complication. CONCLUSIONS: AGV implantation had good success rate in refractory pediatric glaucoma. The success rates were similar in PCG and SPG as were the complications. Number of prior intraocular surgeries was a risk factor for failure.

Comparison of the New Low-Cost Nonvalved Glaucoma Drainage Device with Ahmed Glaucoma Valve in Refractory Pediatric Glaucoma in Indian Eyes.

PURPOSE: To compare outcomes of a nonvalved glaucoma drainage device (the Aurolab aqueous drainage device [AADI] with a valved glaucoma drainage device (the Ahmed glaucoma valve [AGV]) in refractory pediatric glaucoma. DESIGN: Retrospective interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixteen eyes of 97 children with refractory pediatric glaucoma. METHODS: Children (≤16 years) treated with drainage implants from January 2007 through December 2016 with a minimum follow-up of 6 months (operated by a single surgeon) were included. Success was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥6 mmHg or ≤21 mmHg (complete without antiglaucoma medications [AGMs] and qualified with AGM); repeat glaucoma surgery or loss of light perception was failure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of success rates and complications with AADI (350 mm2) and silicone AGV (models FP7 [182-mm2 surface area] and FP8 [102-mm2 surface area]) implantation. RESULTS: Outcomes of 116 eyes of 97 children (AADI, 36 eyes; AGV, 85 eyes; FP7, n = 14; FP8, n = 72) were analyzed. Median follow-up for AADI was 16.8 months (interquartile range [IQR], 11.7-24.5 months) and for AGV was 27 months (IQR, 15.3-52.3 months). Preoperative parameters (age, IOP, number of AGMs) were similar in both groups except number of previous nonglaucoma surgeries, which were significantly more in AADI (P = 0.05). Qualified success was similar (P = 0.81) in both groups, 91% and 88% at 1 year and 81% and 84% at 3 years with AADI and AGV, respectively. With AADI, the complete success was significantly more (41.8% vs.13.7%; P < 0.005). The postoperative mean IOP (12.6±5.5 mmHg vs. 17.6±6.8 mmHg; P = 0.001), median number of AGMs (1 [IQR, 0-2] vs. 2 [IQR, 1-3]; P < 0.001), and hypertensive phase (16.5% [n = 7] vs. 40% [n = 34]; P = 0.02) were significantly less in AADI compared with AGV. Transient complications (AADI, 30.5% [n = 11/36] vs. AGV, 21.1% [n = 18/85]; P = 0.26), sight-threatening complications (AADI, 13.9% [n = 5/36) vs. AGV, 7% [n = 6/85]; P = 0.22), and complications needing intervention (AADI, 19.4% [n = 7/36] vs. AGV, 14.1% [n = 12/85]; P = 0.46) were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In refractory pediatric glaucoma, both AGV and AADI showed similar qualified success and complication rates at 1 and 3 years. However, the AADI showed greater complete success, better IOP control, less need for AGM, and lesser incidence of an hypertensive phase.

Bilateral normal tension glaucoma: Can this be nutritional?

Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) also known as low tension glaucoma, presents with optic nerve head and visual field damage in the absence of high intraocular pressure (<21 mmHg). There are several patients of NTG seen in our clinics who have repeatable visual field defects, which may or may not correlate with the disc appearance, but are labeled as glaucoma. Ruling out ischemic, nutritional, and other causes of one-time damage are important before diagnosing an NTG. We report 3 such cases that were misdiagnosed and referred as NTG. All three cases were not glaucomatous and had typical features of nutritional optic neuropathy. The typical clinical features, visual field and imaging abnormalities seen in these two conditions and their management is highlighted in this article. Misdiagnosis leads to inappropriate investigations and treatment, but more importantly would lead to worsening of undiagnosed underlying disease.

Recurrent spontaneous scleral rupture in Marfan's syndrome.

The ocular manifestations of Marfan's syndrome (MS) range from ectopia lentis, microspherophakia, myopia, glaucoma and retinal detachment. Spontaneous scleral rupture is a rare complication and recurrent scleral perforation is extremely rare. We report a rare case of a 26-year-old male with MS who had sequential recurrent spontaneous scleral rupture which required surgical repair. He suffered from a similar problem 4 years later in both eyes in a different location, with overlying thin cystic blebs and hypotony maculopathy. Surgical repair with preserved scleral donor patch graft and conjunctival autograft in one eye, and conjunctival advancement in the other eye was performed. This helped stabilise the eyes, and resulted in complete visual recovery in both eyes.

Uveitis-glaucoma-hyphaema syndrome with in-the-bag placement of intraocular lens.

Uveitis-glaucoma-hyphaema (UGH) syndrome is commonly reported following intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in the anterior chamber or malpositioned posterior chamber IOLs. It is extremely rare to have this complication in an eye with intact posterior capsule and a well placed in-the-bag IOL. We report a case of a 48-year-old man who presented with blurred vision after an uneventful cataract surgery in the right eye, and who was treated for anterior uveitis. The anterior chamber inflammation persisted despite intense treatment with topical steroids for 2 months, and the intraocular pressure was high. The posterior chamber IOL was in the bag and well covered by a capsulorrhexis margin. Dilated gonioscopy revealed inferior capsular bag hyphaema secondary to the superior haptic displacement due to a tear in the equatorial bag. Our case highlights the importance of dilated gonioscopy and a rare possibility of UGH syndrome in an eye with a well-placed IOL.

Challenges in the implantation of a Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis and a glaucoma drainage device in a nanophthalmic eye.

A 67-year-old man presented with hand motions vision, a decompensated vascularised cornea and a flat anterior chamber in the right eye 5 years following cataract and glaucoma surgery. He lost the left eye several years ago following a similar intervention. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was 19 mm Hg on four antiglaucoma medications and the axial length was 19 mm. In view of the high risk for graft failure, a Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis (Kpro) was planned for visual rehabilitation, and a glaucoma drainage device (GDD) for IOP control. Although a combined GDD with Kpro was indicated, we performed sequential surgeries to avoid vision threatening hypotony-related complications. He underwent parsplana vitrectomy, prophylactic lamellar sclerectomies and Kpro at the first stage, followed by a paediatric Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation 3 months later. Despite precautions, postoperative uveal effusion occurred but could be managed conservatively. His IOP was controlled; visual acuity improved to 20/50 and remained stable at 2 years.