A systematic review and network meta-analysis on comparative efficacy, acceptability, and safety of treatments in acute bipolar mania in youths.

BACKGROUND: The evidence of treatment options' efficacy on acute bipolar manic episodes is relatively less in youths than adults. We aimed to compare and rank the drug's efficacy, acceptability, tolerability, and safety for acute mania in children and adolescents. METHOD: We systematically reviewed the double-blinded, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing drugs or placebo for acute manic episodes of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents using PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, EBSCO, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and https://clinicaltrials.gov from inception until November 20, 2022. Response to treatment was the primary outcome, and random-effects network meta-analyses were conducted (PROSPERO 2022: CRD42022367455). RESULTS: Of 10,134 citations, we included 15 RCTs, including 2372 patients (47 % female), 15 psychotropic drugs, and the placebo. Risperidone 0.5-2.5 mg/day, aripiprazole 30 mg/day olanzapine, quetiapine 400 mg/day, quetiapine 600 mg/day, asenapine 5 mg/day, asenapine 10 mg, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole 10 mg were found to be effective (in comparison with placebo) in children and adolescents, respectively (τ2 = 0.0072, I2 = 10.2 %). The tolerability of aripiprazole 30 mg/day was lower than risperidone 0.5-2.5 mg/day and olanzapine. Oxcarbazepine had the highest discontinuation due to the adverse effects risk ratio. LIMITATIONS: Efficacy ranking of the treatments could be performed by evaluating relatively few RCT results, and only monotherapies were considered. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy, acceptability, tolerability, and safety are changing with the doses of antipsychotics for children and adolescents with acute bipolar manic episodes. Drug selection and optimum dosage should be carefully adjusted in children and adolescents.

Psychiatric comorbidity and familial factors in childhood epilepsy: Parental psychopathology, coping strategies, and family functioning.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the psychiatric diagnoses, parenting attitudes, family functioning among children and adolescents with epilepsy, coping styles of their mothers, and psychiatric symptoms of their mothers and fathers. METHODS: Forty children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 with epilepsy and 40 healthy controls were included in the study. The clinical interview and other measurements were used to assess psychiatric disorders and familial factors. RESULTS: At least one psychiatric disorder was diagnosed in 65% of children and adolescents with epilepsy. It was determined that the mothers and fathers in the epilepsy group had higher anxiety and depression scores than the control group, and the fathers' hostility scores were also higher. The Family Assessment Device (FAD) (problem-solving and affective responsiveness), Coping Strategies Scale (COPE) (mental disengagement and substance use), and Parent Attitude Scale (PAS) (strictness/supervision) subtest scores of the epilepsy group were higher than the control group. CONCLUSION: Psychiatric comorbidities, especially depression, anxiety disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, are more common in children and adolescents with epilepsy. The mental health of parents, parent-child relationships, family functioning, and parental coping styles were adversely affected in families with children with epilepsy. It is essential to evaluate psychiatric comorbidity and family factors in children with epilepsy and to create a treatment plan for problem areas.

Changes in neurofilament light chain protein (NEFL) in children and adolescents with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: Early period neurodegeneration.

AIM: Neurofilament light chain protein (NEFL), is defined as a structural protein which exists particularly in axones of neurons and is released to the cerum in consequence of neuroaxonal damage. The aim of this study is to investigate the peripheral cerumNEFLlevels of children and adolescents with early onset schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. METHOD: In this study, we evaluated serum levels of NEFL in children and adolescents (13-17 years) with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and healthy control group. The study is conducted with 35 schizophrenia, 38 bipolar disorder manic episode patients and 40 healthy controls. RESULTS: The median age of the patient and control groups was 16 (IQR- Interquartile Range: 2). There was no statistical difference in median age (p = 0.52) and gender distribution(p = 0.53) between groups. NEFL levels of the patients with schizophrenia were significantly higher than the controls. NEFL levels of the patients with bipolar disorder were significantly higher than the controls. Serum levels of NEFL of the schizophrenia were higher than the bipolar disorder; however, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, serum NEFL level, as a confidential marker of neural damage, is increased in the children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This result may indicatea degenerative period in neurons of children and adolescents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and may play a role in the pathophisiology of these disorders. This result shows that there is neuronal damage in both diseases, but neuronal damage may be more in schizophrenia.

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia as a Clinical Presentation of Lithium Intoxication: A Case Report.

Lithium is an effective treatment option for bipolar disorder in children and adolescents; however, the therapeutic window is narrow, and psychiatric, neurological, renal, gastrointestinal, dermatological, and endocrine side effects have been observed during lithium therapy.1 Iatrogenic dysphagia has been reported with psychotropic drugs, benzodiazepines, anti-inflammatory drugs, and some vasoactive drugs.2 However, oropharyngeal dysphagia due to lithium toxicity has not been reported in the literature.

Serum Ischemia-Modified Albumin Levels, Myeloperoxidase Activity and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Genetic, neurobiological, neurochemical, environmental factors and their interactions contribute to autism phenotypes. Blood from 48 (age range: 4-17) autism spectrum disorder diagnosed patients (ASD) and 38 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects was analyzed for numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, albumin, serum Ischemia-Modified Albumin (IMA) levels and myeloperoxidase activity. The serum IMA levels, myeloperoxidase activity and peripheral blood mononuclear cells count were significantly higher in ASD cases than in the control subjects. There were no significant differences in albumin levels between the patient and control groups. These results suggest that the immune system, oxidative stress and myeloperoxidase activity may be activated in ASD. There is a clinical benefit from the early detection of ASD using myeloperoxidase activity, IMA levels and monocyte counts.

Psychiatric and general health effects of COVID-19 pandemic on children with chronic lung disease and parents' coping styles.

BACKGROUND: We aim to assess the anxiety and depressive symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic in children with chronic lung disease and their parents and also to evaluate parents' coping strategies. METHODS: Parents of children aged 4-18 years, with chronic lung disease (study group n = 113) and healthy control (n = 108) were enrolled in the study. General Health Questionnaire-12, specific COVID-19 related anxiety questions, The Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced inventory, coronavirus-related psychiatric symptom scale in children-parental form were used to analyze the psychiatric effects of COVID-19. Parents were also asked about how online education affected their family life and children. All data were compared between children/parents in the study and control groups. Risk factors related with anxiety scores of children were also analyzed. RESULTS: Talking about the pandemic, concern about coronavirus transmission, taking precaution to prevent coronavirus transmission, making pressure to protect from COVID-19 were significantly higher in parents within the study group (p < .05). Parents in the study group used more problem-focused coping than parents in the control group (p = .003). Anxiety symptoms score was higher in children of the study group (p = .007). Parents in the study group found online education more useful than parents in the control group. CONCLUSION: Children with chronic lung diseases and their parents have more anxiety due to COVID-19 pandemic and these parents use more mature coping strategies to manage the stress of the pandemic. Longitudinal and larger studies should be done in all aspects of online education in children with chronic lung diseases.

Frequency and Correlates of Acute Dystonic Reactions After Antipsychotic Initiation in 441 Children and Adolescents.

Objective: To determine the incidence of acute dystonic reactions (ADRs) and risk factors for ADRs in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotics. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review-based cohort study of consecutive patients who attended a university hospital's child and adolescent psychiatry department between 2015 and 2017 and who were treated with antipsychotics and had at least two follow-up visits. Results: Thirty of 441 patients (6.8%) 4-19 years of age who were treated with antipsychotics for conduct disorders (21.5%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (13.2%) and, irritability and aggression that accompanied intellectual disability (12.9%) and followed for 99.5 ± 223.3 (median: 34) days developed ADRs. ADRs developed in 11/391 patients (2.8%) treated with one antipsychotic and 19/50 patients (38.0%) treated with two antipsychotics (p < 0.001). In patients treated with one antipsychotic that developed ADRs, the time to ADRs was 4.0 ± 4.0 days after antipsychotic initiation and 2.7 ± 2.4 days after an increase in the antipsychotic dose. The time to ADRs in those treated with two antipsychotics was 3.0 ± 2.3 days after the addition of the second antipsychotic and 1.6 ± 0.8 days after a dose increase in the second antipsychotic. The incidence of ADRs during antipsychotic monotherapy was 10.5% with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) and 2.2% with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs; p = 0.037). The antipsychotic was changed due to ADRs in 12/30 (40.0%) of ADR cases. Independent factors associated with ADRs were antipsychotic polypharmacy (p < 0.0001), inpatient treatment (p = 0.013), FGA use (p = 0.015), and diagnoses of schizophrenia (p = 0.039) or bipolar disorder (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: SGAs and low-potency FGA monotherapy in children and adolescents were associated with a relatively low ADR risk, whereas high- and mid-potency FGAs were associated with a high risk. Independent predictors of ADRs were antipsychotic polypharmacy, inpatient treatment, FGAs, and schizophrenia or bipolar disorder diagnoses, which may be related to more aggressive antipsychotic dosing.

Association of methylphenidate use and traditional and cyberbullying in adolescents with ADHD.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine whether there is a difference in terms of traditional/cyberbullying or victimization among adolescents receiving methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and treatment-naïve adolescents with ADHD during a 1-year period. METHODS: The Sociodemographic Data Form, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children (Present and Lifetime Version), Peer Bullying Scale-Adolescent Form and the Cyberbully/Victim Scale were administered to male adolescents with ADHD. RESULTS: Adolescents who did not receive methylphenidate during the last 1-year were exposed to higher rates of physical victimization, isolation, destroying of property by others, and sexual victimization, all of which are subtypes of traditional victimization; they also reported higher rates of destroying others' property. Furthermore, cyberbullying victimization and cyberbullying behaviors were more common in the non-treated group. CONCLUSION: Effective treatment of ADHD could lessen involvement in the bullying cycle in adolescents with ADHD.

Relationship between headache and Internet addiction in children

Background/aim: We aimed to investigate Internet addiction in pediatric patients with migraine- and tension-type headache in this study. Materials and methods: Among our 200 subjects, 103 had migraine-type headache and 97 had tension-type headache. Results: Headache triggered by computer use was more common in the migraine-type headache group. There was no difference between the Internet addiction scale score of the two groups. The Internet addiction scale scores of the patients were found to differ depending on the aim and duration of computer use. Internet addiction was found in six (6%) patients. Internet addiction prevalence was 3.7% and 8.5% in the two groups, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of Internet addiction in children with recurrent headache was lower than that found in their peers in Turkey, possibly due to avoidance of computer use as a headache trigger. This finding raises the question of whether migraine- or tension-type headaches actually prevent Internet addiction.

High prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury, tattoos, and psychiatric comorbidity among male adolescent prisoners and their sociodemographic characteristics.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the frequency of psychiatric disorders and the sociodemographic and clinical features in adolescent prisoners. METHOD: The psychiatric diagnoses and sociodemographic characteristics of treatment of 76 adolescent male prisoners and 76 age-matched patients were compared (age range: 15-17). RESULTS: Conduct disorder (85.5%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (61.8%), depression (50%), substance abuse (40.8%), post-traumatic stress disorder (19.7%), and psychotic disorder (3.9%) were more frequent among adolescent prisoners than the control group. The educational levels of parents of adolescent prisoners and their socioeconomic statuses were significantly lower, and the nonsuicidal self-injury (73.7%) and tattooing frequency (65.8%) were significantly higher among adolescent prisoners than the control group. Only 51.3% had both parents living together. CONCLUSION: Psychiatric disorders, low socioeconomic status, family disorganization, nonsuicidal self-injury, tattoos, and interruption of education were frequent in adolescent prisoners in this study. Our findings emphasize the importance of early psychiatric treatment and family-based interventions to help prevent adolescents from committing crimes. In addition, nonsuicidal self-injury and tattoos may be associated with criminal behavior in adolescents.

The prevalence of childhood psychopathology in Turkey: a cross-sectional multicenter nationwide study (EPICPAT-T).

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of childhood psychopathologies in Turkey. METHOD: A nation-wide, randomly selected, representative population of 5830 children (6-13 years-old) enrolled as a 2nd,3rd or 4th grade student in 30 cities were evaluated for presence of a psychiatric or mental disorder by a Sociodemographic Form, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), and DSM-IV-Based Screening Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Children and Adolescents scales. Impairment criterion was assessed via a 3 point-Likert scale by the parent and the teacher independently. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of any psychopathology was 37.6% without impairment criterion, and 17.1% with impairment criterion. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by anxiety (19.5% and 16.7% without impairment, 12.4% and 5.3% with impairment, respectively). Lower education level and presence of a physical or psychiatric problem of the parents were independent predictors of any psychopathology of the offspring. CONCLUSION: This is the largest and most comprehensive epidemiological study to determine the prevalence of psychopathologies in children and adolescents in Turkey. Our results partly higher than, and partly comparable to previous national and international studies. It also contributes to the literature by determining the independent predictors of psychopathologies in this age group.

Psychiatric comorbidities of mild intellectual disability in children and adolescents in a clinical setting.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychiatric disorders that accompany mild intellectual disability (ID) in school-aged children in a clinical setting. The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version interview was conducted with the children with mild ID and their parents to diagnose any comorbid disorders. The mean age of the 111 children that fulfilled the study criteria was 12.09 ± 3.28 years, 59 of them (53.2%) were males, and 80.2% had at least one lifetime comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (64.9%), oppositional defiant disorder (21.6%), anxiety disorders (18.0%), were the most common comorbidities. The correlates of exhibiting comorbid psychiatric disorder were being male and irritability symptoms in the clinical history. Being aware of the comorbid psychiatric disorders and planning treatment strategies toward all of the diagnoses may help in the adaptation and rehabilitation of children with mild IDs.

Increased prolidase activity and high blood monocyte counts in pediatric bipolar disorder.

Various psychological, genetic, and biochemical factors are thought to be involved in the aetiology of pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD). However, few studies have evaluated the biochemical basis of PBD. The level of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum prolidase activity were determined in PBD and matched healthy comparison subjects. Blood from 38 (age range: 14-17) PBD-type I and 37 age- and gender-matched healthy comparison subjects was analyzed for numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and serum prolidase activity. The prolidase activity and monocyte count were significantly higher in PBD than the control group. There were no significant differences in numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, LMR and NLR between the patient and control groups. These results suggest that the immune system and prolidase activity may be activated in PBD. There is a clinical benefit from the early detection of PBD using serum prolidase activity levels and monocyte counts. Especially, prolidase activity may be a trait marker for diagnosing PBD. However, further studies are needed to verify these findings.

[Comparing Two Editions of Wechsler Intelligence Scales and Assessing Reading Skills in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder]. / Dikkat Eksikligi Hiperaktivite Bozuklugu'nda Wechsler ocuklar Iin Zekâ Ölegi'nin Iki Sürümünün Karsilastirilmasi ve Okuma Becerilerinin Degerlendirilmesi.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the cognitive profiles of children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), the latter of which was recently standardized in Turkey. In addition, the reading abilities and intelligence scores of these children were also investigated. METHODS: A total of 48 children with ADHD between the ages of 6 and 16 years who were outpatients in Mus State Hospital were included in this study. The children were administered the WISC-R, the WISC-IV, and the Oral Reading Skills and Reading Comprehension Test (ORCT). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the WISC-R IQ scores and WISC-IV index scores. Moreover, reading comprehension skills (derived from ORCT scores) were predicted with significant accuracy by both the WISC-R Verbal IQ and the WISC-IV WMI (Working Memory Index). CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggest that the WISC-R and the WISC-IV scale are not sufficient for obtaining a specific cognitive profile for ADHD - there is no significant difference between them. However, the four-factor structure of the WISC-IV is believed to provide more specific information. In addition, results of this study related to reading skills indicate that the importance of reading skills should not be overlooked when assessing children with ADHD.

Effectiveness, Adverse Effects and Drug Compliance of Long-Acting Injectable Risperidone in Children and Adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although the use of oral risperidone in children and adolescents has been well studied, there is little information on the intramuscular use of long-acting injectable risperidone (LAIR). The aims of this study were to investigate the effectiveness and adverse effects of LAIR in children and adolescents with conduct disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. METHODS: In total, 42 patients (age range 12-17 years) who were non-adherent to oral antipsychotic drugs, received 25 mg of LAIR intramuscularly every 2 weeks. The drug was administered at least four times and up to 66 times (median drug use: 9.50 times). The effectiveness and adverse effects of the treatment were examined. RESULTS: There was an improvement in 13 (92.8%) of the 14 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder, in 25 (78.1%) of 32 patients diagnosed with conduct disorder and in one (50%) of two patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Six patients had comorbid conduct disorder and bipolar disorder. Totally, 81% of the patients improved with LAIR. Weight-gain, daytime somnolence, muscle stiffness and spasms, impaired concentration, and fatigue were the most common side effects through the whole sample. Menstrual problems were common in girls. In the study, 57.1% of the patients continued to receive their injections regularly until the end of the treatment, under physician control. A total of 16.7% discontinued the treatment due to non-adherence. The LAIR treatment was terminated in 26.2% of the patients, due to weight-gain, dystonia, and galactorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: In children and adolescents with conduct disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia who show noncompliance with oral drugs, LAIR may improve treatment compliance. LAIR is a reliable treatment in terms of its effectiveness. Weight-gain, dystonia, and galactorrhea were the adverse effects that were responsible for LAIR treatment cessation.

Traditional and cyberbullying co-occurrence and its relationship to psychiatric symptoms.

BACKGROUND: The effect of cyberbullying accompanied by traditional bullying on mental health has been less studied. In this study, the frequency, co-occurrence, and the relationship to psychiatric symptoms of traditional bullying and cyberbullying among bullies and victims are examined. METHODS: All of the high schools in the province of Mus, Turkey were stratified according to Placement Test for High Schools admission points for 2014-2015. By choosing schools using simple random sampling, 1276 students were reached. Students were given the Brief Symptom Inventory and three separate scale assessments: peer bullying rating, cybervictimization, and cyberbullying scales. RESULTS: High scores in all subscale scores of bullying and victimization were significantly related to higher depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, somatization, and hostility scores. For people who were exposed to cyberbullying in addition to traditional bullying, the severity of the psychiatric symptoms was significantly higher. For all psychiatric symptoms, major predictors were gender, total victimization score, and total cybervictimization score. Moreover, the bullying total score was among the predictors of low self-esteem and hostility. CONCLUSION: Cybervictimization and cyberbullying occur less often than traditional bullying and victimization, but people who were exposed to or performed cyberbullying were also exposed to or performed traditional bullying. The addition of cyberbullying to traditional bullying is associated with more intense psychiatric symptoms.

High monocyte level and low lymphocyte to monocyte ratio in autism spectrum disorders.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the level of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and their ratios which may point to the immunological mechanisms involved in the etiopathogenesis of ASD. Method: The complete blood count parameters of the 45 ASD cases were compared with those of healthy controls.Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was performed to measure the disease severity. Results: The monocytes of ASD group were significantly higher; and the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) was lower than the controls'. LMR and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were found to be predictors of ASD. The decrease in LMR (B: -0.744; P=0.035; CI: -1.431 to -0.056) and the increase in age (B: 0.432; P=0.045; CI: 0.011-0.853) were related to high CARS scores in linear regression analyses. Conclusions: The results of this study support the role of altered immune cell counts and ratios in ASD. A high monocyte level and low LMR may have diagnostic values in autism.