ABSTRACT
Human milk fat (HMF) analogue containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) at sn-1,3 positions and palmitic acid (PA) at sn-2 position was produced. Novozym 435 lipase was used to produce palmitic acid-enriched hazelnut oil (EHO). EHO was then used to produce the final structured lipid (SL) through interesterification reactions using Lipozyme RM IM. Reaction variables for 3 h reactions were temperature, substrate mole ratio, and ARASCO/DHASCO (A:D) ratio. After statistical analysis of DHA, ARA, total PA, and PA content at sn-2 position, a large-scale production was performed at 60 °C, 3:2 A:D ratio, and 1:0.1 substrate mole ratio. For the SL, those results were determined as 57.3 ± 0.4%, 2.7 ± 0.0%, 2.4 ± 0.1%, and 66.1 ± 2.2%, respectively. Tocopherol contents were 84, 19, 85, and 23 µg/g oil for α-, ß-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol. Melting range of SL was narrower than that of EHO. Oxidative stability index (OSI) value of SL (0.80 h) was similar to that of EHO (0.88 h). This SL can be used in infant formulas to provide the benefits of ARA and DHA.
Subject(s)
Arachidonic Acids/analysis , Docosahexaenoic Acids/analysis , Fat Substitutes/metabolism , Milk, Human/chemistry , Corylus , Esterification , Fat Substitutes/chemistry , Fats , Fatty Acids/analysis , Humans , Infant , Infant Formula/chemistry , Lipase/metabolism , Lipid Metabolism , Lipids/chemistry , Palmitic Acid/metabolism , Plant Oils/chemistry , Plant Oils/metabolism , Tocopherols/analysisABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In this study, olive tree leaves, collected from 50 sampling sites throughout the Province of Aydin, Turkey, were used to estimate level of pollution by measuring Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn concentrations and calculating pollution factor (PF) values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After sample preparation, collected leaves were microwave digested, and extracts were analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The maximum PF values were ≥10 for a number of elements ranging from 11-13 (Al, As, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni) to >100 for Cu, Li, and Na. Urban-rural and roadside-nonroadside concentration comparisons showed that some of the elements (As, Cu, and Pb) were at significantly higher levels on urban and/or roadside sampling sites. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Correlations and factor analysis showed that there may be common sources for some elements, which included several soil types and anthropogenic activities. Based on the results of the statistical source apportionment, possible sources were narrowed down with help of the constructed elemental concentration maps. In conclusion, utilization of olive tree leaves for biomonitoring and assessment of environmental pollution was shown to be possible in the Mediterranean region where they are indigenous and cultivated.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring/methods , Environmental Pollutants/metabolism , Olea/metabolism , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Environmental Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Mass Spectrometry , TurkeySubject(s)
Deglutition Disorders/etiology , Echinococcosis/diagnosis , Esophageal Diseases/diagnosis , Esophageal Stenosis/diagnosis , Adult , Albendazole/therapeutic use , Anticestodal Agents/therapeutic use , Deglutition Disorders/pathology , Echinococcosis/drug therapy , Echinococcosis/pathology , Esophageal Diseases/drug therapy , Esophageal Diseases/pathology , Esophageal Stenosis/drug therapy , Esophageal Stenosis/pathology , Esophagus/pathology , Female , HumansABSTRACT
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of internal malignancy among men worldwide, with an annual incidence of 679,000 cases, and an annual mortality load of 220,000 deaths, making it the sixth leading cause of cancer mortality among men. It is generally on the increase. Environmental and lifestyle factors may have an aetiological role in prostate cancer and hence may provide potential targets for future intervention. In fact, because of the disease high prevalence, slowly progressive nature, and long latency prostate cancer is a very good candidate for chemoprevention. Dietary agents have gained considerable attention as chemopreventive agents against prostate cancer. The methodology for this review included computerized literature searches of the PubMed database using the keywords 'chemoprevention of prostate cancer' from 1992 to 2007. This mini-review examines the influence of plant-derived dietary agents for which articles reported statistically significant effects in the management of prostate cancer.
