Diversity of Microbiomes Across a 13,000-Year-Old Amazon Sediment.

The microbiome is fundamental for understanding bacterial activities in sediments. However, only a limited number of studies have addressed the microbial diversity of Amazonian sediments. Here, we studied the microbiome of sediments from a 13,000-year BP core retrieved in a floodplain lake in Amazonia using metagenomics and biogeochemistry. Our aim was to evaluate the possible environmental influence over a river to a lake transition using a core sample. To this end, we sampled a core in the Airo Lake, a floodplain lake in the Negro River basin. The Negro River is the largest tributary of the Amazon River. The obtained core was divided into three strata: (i) surface, almost complete separation of the Airo Lake from the Negro River when the environment becomes more lentic with greater deposition of organic matter (black-colored sediment); (ii) transitional environment (reddish brown); and (iii) deep, environment with a tendency for greater past influence of the Negro River (brown color). The deepest sample possibly had the greatest influence of the Negro River as it represented the bottom of this river in the past, while the surface sample is the current Airo Lake bottom. In total, six metagenomes were obtained from the three different depth strata (total number of reads: 10.560.701; sequence length: 538 ± 24, mean ± standard deviation). The older (deeper) sediment strata contained a higher abundance of Burkholderia, Chitinophaga, Mucilaginibacter, and Geobacter, which represented ~ 25% of the metagenomic sequences. On the other hand, the more recent sediment strata had mainly Thermococcus, Termophilum, Sulfolobus, Archaeoglobus, and Methanosarcina (in total 11% of the metagenomic sequences). The sequence data were binned into metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). The majority of the obtained MAGs (n = 16) corresponded to unknown taxa, suggesting they may belong to new species. The older strata sediment microbiome was enriched with sulfur cycle genes, TCA cycle, YgfZ, and ATP-dependent proteolysis in bacteria. Meanwhile, serine-glyoxylate cycle, stress response genes, bacterial cell division, cell division-ribosomal stress protein cluster, and oxidative stress increased in the younger strata. Metal resistance and antimicrobial resistance genes were found across the entire core, including genes coding for fluoroquinolones, polymyxin, vancomycin, and multidrug resistance transporters. These findings depict the possible microbial diversity during the depositional past events and provided clues of the past microbial metabolism throughout time.

Tropical South Atlantic influence on Northeastern Brazil precipitation and ITCZ displacement during the past 2300 years.

Recent paleoclimatic studies suggest that changes in the tropical rainbelt across the Atlantic Ocean during the past two millennia are linked to a latitudinal shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) driven by the Northern Hemisphere (NH) climate. However, little is known regarding other potential drivers that can affect tropical Atlantic rainfall, mainly due to the scarcity of adequate and high-resolution records. In this study, we fill this gap by reconstructing precipitation changes in Northeastern Brazil during the last 2,300 years from a high-resolution lake record of hydrogen isotope compositions of plant waxes. We find that regional precipitation along the coastal area of South America was not solely governed by north-south displacements of the ITCZ due to changes in NH climate, but also by the contraction and expansion of the tropical rainbelt due to variations in sea surface temperature and southeast trade winds in the tropical South Atlantic Basin.

Palynological evidence of the replacement of the hygrophilous forest by field vegetation during the last 7,000 years B.P. in the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Historians claim that European colonizers of the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro State found vast herbaceous fields when arrived in this region. Hypotheses about the origin of these fields include forest burning by the Goitacás indians and periodical floods by the Paraíba do Sul River and the lagoon system. The palynologycal analysis of two lake cores obtained in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes revealed opening episodes of hygrophilous forest and the establishment of field vegetation, recorded at ca. 6,500 and ca. 4,000 14C yr BP. The partial replacement of forest by field vegetation in the first episode was probably caused by floods of the lower areas during the development of the Holocene lagoon phase. During the second episode, successions of vegetational patterns occurred due to lowering of the sea level. Drying and enlarging of the coastal plain have allowed its colonization by herbs and heliophyte plants. The palynological analysis does not provide any evidence that sustains the theories of use of fire and agricultural activities by indigenous groups during these periods.

Os historiadores citam que os europeus colonizadores da costa norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro encontraram vastos campos herbáceos quando chegaram a essa região. As hipóteses sobre a origem desses campos incluem aplicação de "queimada"pelos índios Goitacás e periódicas inundações do rio Paraíba do Sul e sistemas lagunares. A análise palinológica de dois testemunhos de sondagem obtidos no município de Campos dos Goytacazes revelou epsódios de abertura da floresta higrófila e o estabelecimento da vegetação campestre, datado sem ca. 6.500 e 4.000 14C anos AP. O primeiro epsódio de substituição parcial da floresta pela vegetação campestre se deu provavelmente pelas inundações das áreas baixas durante o desenvolvimento da fase lagunar holocênica. No segundo epsódio, os padrões de sucessão da vegetação ocorreram como consequência do abaixamento do nível do mar. O ressecamento e a progressão da planície costeira permitiram sua colonização pelas plantas herbáceas heliófitas. A análise palinológica não forneceu qualquer evidência que apoie as teorias do uso do fogo e da prática de atividades agrícolas por grupos indígenas durante esses períodos.

Palynological evidence of the replacement of the hygrophilous forest by field vegetation during the last 7,000 years B.P. in the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Historians claim that European colonizers of the northern coast of Rio de Janeiro State found vast herbaceous fields when arrived in this region. Hypotheses about the origin of these fields include forest burning by the Goitacás indians and periodical floods by the Paraíba do Sul River and the lagoon system. The palynologycal analysis of two lake cores obtained in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes revealed opening episodes of hygrophilous forest and the establishment of field vegetation, recorded at ca. 6,500 and ca. 4,000 (14)C yr BP. The partial replacement of forest by field vegetation in the first episode was probably caused by floods of the lower areas during the development of the Holocene lagoon phase. During the second episode, successions of vegetational patterns occurred due to lowering of the sea level. Drying and enlarging of the coastal plain have allowed its colonization by herbs and heliophyte plants. The palynological analysis does not provide any evidence that sustains the theories of use of fire and agricultural activities by indigenous groups during these periods.

Uso dos fenóis da lignina no estudo da matéria orgânica na várzea do Lago Grande Curuái, Pará e no Lago do Caçó, Maranhão, Brasil / Use of lignin phenols in the study of organic matter in the Lago Grande Curuái floodplain, Pará and Lake Caçó, Maranhão, Brazil

ste estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os sedimentos superficiais, quanto ao seu teor e qualidade dos fenóis da lignina, em dois sistemas lacustres distintos: a Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái (PA) e o Lago do Caçó (MA). A Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái é localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas, aproximadamente 850 km da foz e é caracterizada pela presença de lagos de águas brancas e pretas. O Lago do Caçó está localizado no Maranhão, na borda do ecossistema amazônico. Foram realizadas análises da concentração de lignina (λ), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio e isótopos do carbono (δ13C). Os resultados indicam que os sedimentos superficias de lagos de águas brancas apresentam baixos valores de COT (1,5 a 3,6%), baixa concentração de λ (0,73 a 1,28 mg.100mg CO-1) e alto índice de degradação (0,29 a 2,01). Os sedimentos superficiais de lagos de águas pretas apresentam maiores valores de COT (6,0 a 12,1%) e de λ (1,44 a 1,93 mg.100mg CO-1) em relação aos sedimentos de lagos de águas brancas, porém baixos em comparação com os sedimentos do Lago do Caçó (7,2 ~ 15,3% e 1,83 ~ 4,64 mg .100mg CO-1, respectivamente). Através das análises realizadas foi possível identificar diferentes contribuições de fontes assim como diferentes estados de preservação da matéria orgânica sedimentada nos dois sistemas apresentados.

This study aims to characterize the superficial sediments of lakes in black and white waters of an Amazonian floodplain system in terms of carbon content and quality of lignin phenols. "Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái" floodplain is located on the right bank of the Amazon River about 850 km from the estuary. Superficial sediments samples were compared with superficial samples from Lake Caçó, located in Maranhão, the edge of the Amazon ecosystem. Concentration of lignin (λ), Total Organic Carbon (COT), nitrogen and isotope of carbon (δ13C) were undertaken. The results indicate that, in general, the superficial sediments of lakes of white water have low values of COT (1,5 to 3,6%), low concentrations of λ (0,73 to 1,28 mg.100mg CO-1) and high degradation index (0.29 to 2.01). Superficial sediments of lakes of black water had higher values of COT (6,0 to 12,1%) and λ (1,44 to 1,93 mg.100mg CO-1) than the sediments of lakes of white waters, but lower in comparison with the sediments of Caçó Lake. Through such analysis, it was possible to identify different contributions of organic matter sources and the preservation states to the superficial sediments at both sites.

Origem e dinâmica da deposição dos sedimentos superficiais na Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai, Pará, Brasil / Source and deposition dynamics of superficial sediments in the "Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai" floodplain, Pará, Brazil

Este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os sedimentos superficiais de um sistema de Várzea do Rio Amazonas, quanto a sua granulometria e ao seu teor orgânico, assim como compreender a origem e a hidrodinâmica destes sedimentos. 51 amostras de sedimento superficial foram coletadas na Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai, localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas à aproximadamente 850km da foz. A granulometria, o teor em carbono orgânico e nitrogênio total, a razão entre o carbono e o nitrogênio (C/N), assim como o isótopo estável do carbono (δ13C) e do nitrogênio (δ15N) foram utilisados para este fim. Este estudo colocou em evidência que os sedimentos da várzea são finos, caracterizados principalmente pela presença de silte (médio à fino), seguido de argila e tem como principal fonte o Rio Amazonas e a Formação Alter do Chão. A presença de areia é pequena e extremamente localizada, próxima as áreas de deságue dos igarapés de terra firme que representam sua maior fonte. O teor de matéria orgânica nestes sedimentos varia entre 1,5 à 37% de carbono. Os resultados do isótopo do carbono (13C) e da razão C/N evidenciam a presença de matéria orgânica composta por diferentes fontes: material orgânico terrígeno, macrofítico, solos, material orgânico transportado pelo rio, e um componente fitoplanctônico.

The main objectives of this study were to characterize superficial sediments of an Amazonian floodplain system, by its size and organic content, and also to understand the local hydrodynamic and sources of these sediments. 51 samples of superficial sediment were collected in the floodplain “Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai”, located on the right bank of the Amazon River, approximately, 850km from the estuary. The granulometry, the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, the carbon and nitrogen ratio (C/N), as well as the isotope of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) were used. This study points out that the sediments of the Curuai floodplain are fine, characterized mainly by the presence of silt (medium to fine), followed by clays. The main sources of these sediments are the Amazon River followed by “Alter do Chão” formation. The presence of sand was extremely located and near the inflow areas of “terra firme” igarapés that are the main source. The organic matter contents ranged between 1.5% and 37% of carbon. On the other hand, the results of 13C and C/N ratio evidence the presence of an organic matter made up of different sources: flooding forest, macrofítes, soil, organic material carried by the River and a phytoplanctonic component.

Reconstituição paleoambiental do Lago Santa Ninha, Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai, Pará, Brasil

Physical, chemical and geochemical characteristics of lacustrine sediments were studied to reconstruct paleohydrologyical control on sedimentation in an Amazonian floodplain. A core was collected at the Lago Grande de Curuai floodplain, in the Santa Ninha Lake, located on the right margin of the Amazon River at 850 km of the estuary. Water content, granulometry, radiocarbon dating, organic carbon, nitrogen content and 13C were used to characterize the sedimentary processes. The core is 270 cm-long which corresponds to 5600 cal years BP. The core points out different sedimentary environments: flooded vegetation at the base of the core till 4900 cal years BP is substituted by grass banks changing to a floodplain encompassing prolonged annual dryness at 4000 cal years BP. Since 600 cal years BP, the present day Varzea Lake, permanently over flooded, has been installed.

Este estudo teve por objetivo reconstituir as mudanças paleoambientais e paleohidrológicas no baixo Amazonas. Um testemunho de sedimento foi coletado no Lago Santa Ninha, na várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai, localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas a aproximadamente 850 km da foz. O teor de água, a granulometria, as datações com carbono 14, os conteúdos de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio total e o isótopo estável do carbono (13C) foram utilizados para determinar os processos sedimentares a que o meio esteve submetido. O testemunho estudado possui 270 cm de comprimento que corresponde a um período de 5600 anos cal AP. Este estudo colocou em evidência diferentes ambientes sedimentares: na base do testemunho até 4900 anos cal AP há uma vegetação inundada que foi gradualmente substituida por bancos de gramíneas e por uma planicie com secas sazonais em 4000 anos cal AP até alcançar, desde 600 anos AP as condições atuais deste lago. Estas alterações podem ter ocorrido em decorrência de mudanças no ciclo hidrológico do Rio Amazonas que, por sua vez, também são reflexos de alterações climáticas.

Carbon storage in Amazonia during the last glacial maximum: secondary data and uncertainties.

The Amazonian forest is, due to its great size, carbon storage capacity and present-day variability in carbon uptake and release, an important component of the global carbon cycle. Paleo-environmental reconstruction is difficult for Amazonia due to the scarcity of primary palynological data and the mis-interpretation of some secondary data. Studies of lacustrine sediment records have shown that Amazonia has known periods in which the climate was drier than it is today. However, not all geomorphological features such as dunes, and slope erosion, which are thought to indicate rainforest regression, date from the time of the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM) and these features do not necessarily correspond to episodes of forest regression. There is also uncertainty concerning LGM carbon storage due to rainforest soils and biomass estimates. Soil carbon content may decrease moderately during the LGM, whereas rainforest biomass may change considerably in response to changes in the global environment. Biomass per unit area in Amazonia has probably been reduced by the cumulative effects of low CO2 concentration, a drier climate and lower temperatures. As few paleo-vegetation data are available, there is considerable uncertainty concerning the amount of carbon stored in Amazonia during the LGM, which may have corresponded to 44-94% of the carbon currently stored in biomass and soils.