Dietary Polyphenols: What is the Estimated Intake in Population Studies With Adults and Elderly People?

Estimates of dietary intake of polyphenols have been limited to specific samples from certain population groups, and different databases have been used to quantify the levels of these compounds, which makes it difficult to compare results. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review collated estimates of polyphenol intake from population studies including adults and elderly from different parts of the world by using a single database: Phenol-Explorer. RECENT FINDINGS: Through seven population-based studies performed in five different countries, it was possible to identify that Brazil was the country with the lowest intake of polyphenols, whereas Poland had the highest dietary intake. The most ingested subclasses of polyphenols in different countries were phenolic acids and flavonoids, and non-alcoholic beverages (coffee, tea, and orange juice) were the foods that most contributed to the intake of polyphenols. Despite the attempt to standardize this study to obtain worldwide intake estimates that could be comparable, gaps were found regarding the assessment of food consumption, standardization to obtain the polyphenol content of foods in Phenol-Explorer, calculation in aglycone equivalents, and caloric adjustment of the estimates. There is a need for more studies on the dietary polyphenols intake of representative samples of populations from different countries to collate more data on the quantities consumed and the main contributing foods.

Dietary patterns and biochemical markers related to diabetes mellitus: an association analysis based on data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and biochemical markers related to diabetes mellitus (DM): glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index from 35 454 Brazilian adolescents 12 to 17 y of age. METHODS: Dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis by the principal components method. The data originated from the school-based study ERICA (Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents) carried out between 2013 and 2014. Linear regression models analyzed the associations. RESULTS: Three dietary patterns were found: traditional Brazilian, bread and coffee, and Western. An inverse association was found in young girls between the traditional Brazilian pattern and fasting glucose (ß = -0.76; P = 0.005) and HbA1c in the second and third tertiles (ß = -0.04; P = 0.002; ß = -0 .06; P < 0.001), and the Western pattern with HbA1c (ß = -0.02; P = 0.035). In boys, a positive association was found between the second tertile of the dietary pattern and insulin (ß = 0.48; P = 0.009) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (ß = 0.11; P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the traditional Brazilian pattern was inversely associated with blood glucose and HbA1c values in girls. Furthermore, the data suggest that there is an important difference between boys and girls in the association of dietary patterns and the markers used.

Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids food intake and metabolic syndrome in adolescents 12 to 17 years old: A school-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Fatty acids (FAs) of the omega-3 and omega-6 family are considered essential, and adequate intake seems to be associated with lower risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases. The objective was to evaluate the association of omega-3 and omega-6 FAs dietary intake with the prevalence of MS and its components waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and High Density Lipoprotein - cholesterol (HDL-c) in Brazilian adolescents aged 12-17 years. METHODS: This is a school-based cross-sectional investigation, using data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), carried out between 2013 and 2014. The following variables were collected and assessed: 1) sociodemographic (sex, age, type of school, school location whether urban or rural and region of the country); 2) food consumption was measured through a 24-h Food Recall (24 hR), and a second 24 hR was applied to 7% of the total sample; 3) anthropometrics (weight, height, WC), BP and biochemical (glycemia, triglycerides and HDL-c) were also assessed. Logistic regression analysis was performed according to gender and age group. RESULTS: A total of 36,751 adolescents participated in the study. The intake of omega-3 FAs in the total population was 1.71 g/day and of omega-6 FAs, 13.56 g/day, with an omega-6/omega-3 ratio of 7.93:1. It was found that higher intake of omega-3 FAs was associated with an 53% lower chance of low HDL-c. For omega-6 FAs, no significant results were found. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated an association between omega-3 FAs and HDL-c. More studies are needed to elucidate the effects of omega-6 FAs.

Association between dietary patterns and biomarkers in connection with diabetes mellitus in adolescents: A systematic review.

AIMS: To perform a systematic review to investigate the association between adolescents' a posteriori dietary patterns with diabetes-related biomarkers (fasting blood glucose, fasting insulinemia, glycated hemoglobin and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR)). DATA SYNTHESIS: Review registered with PROSPERO under number CRD42020185369. Studies with adolescents aged 10-19 years that identified dietary patterns by a posteriori methods were included. The databases used included: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Lilacs/BVS, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ProQuest Dissertations&Theses Global and Capes Theses Bank and Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. Risk of bias was assessed via the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality tool. Eight cross-sectional studies that evaluated 6438 adolescents (55.5% females) were included. For fasting blood glucose, the results were inconsistent and some studies found no association for the dietary patterns called traditional (57%), Western (42%) and healthy (28%). For the fasting insulinemia and HOMA-IR outcomes, the Western dietary pattern showed a positive association or higher means in 60% and 50% of the studies, respectively. No studies that evaluated glycated hemoglobin were found. CONCLUSION: Fasting insulinemia and HOMA-IR outcomes were positively associated with the Western dietary patterns. The studies reviewed did not present consistent evidence of an association with western, healthy and traditional dietary patterns with fasting blood glucose, as the results were conflicting or did not show statistical significance.

Scientific evidence of the association between oral intake of OMEGA-3 and OMEGA-6 fatty acids and the metabolic syndrome in adolescents: A systematic review.

AIMS: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the scientific evidence of the oral intake of omega-3 and omega-6 FAs and metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents. DATA SYNTHESIS: The study was registered in PROSPERO (number 42020185370). Studies were carried out with adolescents aged 10-19 years, who presented as intervention/exposure the oral intake of omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids (FAs), in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, CENTRAL, and PQDT Global e BDTD. The tools used to assess the risk of bias were RoB 2.0, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Fifteen papers retrieved published from 2010 to 2019 were included (n = 3534); nine were randomized studies and controlled clinical trials, four were cross-sectional studies, one was a retrospective cohort study, and one case-control study. No studies have evaluated the effect or association of omega-3 and/or of omega-6 FAs with actual MS, only with its components. The randomized clinical trials identified the effects of omega-3 FA on the decrease in blood pressure (n = 1 out of six), glycemia (n = 2 out of seven), and triglycerides (n = 5 out of eight), and the increase in HDL-c (n = 2 out of eight) considering the comparison between the group that received omega-3 FA and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Scientific evidence is controversial on the association between oral intake of omega-3 FAs and MS in adolescents, due to the heterogeneity between studies and the divergence of results for the same MS component.

Impact of social isolation by Coronavirus disease 2019 in food: a narrative review / Impacto do isolamento social pela Coronavirus disease 2019 na alimentação: uma revisão narrativa

ABSTRACT The objective of this narrative review, with a systematic survey, was to investigate the impact of social isolation on food (eating habits) during the 2019 Coronavirus disease pandemic. A retrieval of studies published from January 1st, 2019 to June 18th, 2020 was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases. The screening was structured using the terms corresponding to Coronavirus disease 2019, social isolation and food. All steps were carried out independently by three reviewers. Twelve studies were included, totaling 20,789 people assessed, with a predominance of cross-sectional studies of adult population. The studies reviewed had been carried out in Italy (n=4), Spain (n=2), Poland (n=1), China (n=1), India (n=1), United States of America (n=1), South Africa (n=1) and in a continental multicenter (n=1). The analysis of the studies included showed that most people reported that they did not change their usual diet; in addition, an increase in cooking habits, consumption of fruits and vegetables and a decrease in the consumption of alcoholic beverages was observed. A decrease in fish consumption and an increase in comfort foods were also reported. It was found that food habits changed in times of social isolation. We suggest that new investigations be carried out in different socioeconomic and demographic frameworks. We propose to continue the study on this theme, with a systematic review with or without meta-analysis.

RESUMO Trata-se de revisão narrativa com busca sistemática, tendo por objetivo investigar o impacto do isolamento social na alimentação (hábitos alimentares) durante a pandemia da Coronavirus Disease 2019. Foi realizado rastreio de estudos publicados no período de 1º de janeiro de 2019 a 18 de junho de 2020 nas bases PubMed, Web of Science e Embase. A busca foi estruturada utilizando os unitermos correspondentes a Coronavirus Disease 2019, isolamento social e alimentação. Todas as etapas foram executadas de forma independente por três revisores. Foram incluídos 12 estudos, totalizando 20.789 pessoas pesquisadas, com a predominância de estudos de corte transversal na população adulta. Os estudos analisados foram desenvolvidos na Itália (n=4), Espanha (n=2), Polônia (n=1), China (n=1), Índia (n=1), Estados Unidos da América (n=1), África do Sul (n=1) e multicêntrico continental (n=1). A análise dos estudos incluídos evidenciou que a maioria das pessoas relatou não mudar a dieta habitual, observando-se também o aumento do hábito de cozinhar, consumir frutas, legumes e verduras e a diminuição do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. Constatou-se diminuição do consumo de peixes e aumento das chamadas comfort foods. Verificou-se que a alimentação sofreu alterações em tempos de isolamento social. Sugerimos que novas pesquisas sejam realizadas em diferentes contextos socioeconômicos e demográficos. Propomos a continuidade do estudo desta temática, com realização de revisão sistemática com ou sem metanálise.

Evaluation of the Brazilian population's intake of antioxidant nutrients and their relation with the nutritional status. / Avaliação da ingestão de nutrientes antioxidantes pela população brasileira e sua relação com o estado nutricional.

INTRODUCTION:: The study of dietary antioxidants has gained prominence owing to the elucidation of the deleterious effects of oxidative stress to the human body. Objective: To evaluate the Brazilian population's intake of antioxidant nutrients and their association with the nutritional status. METHODS:: A cross-sectional study was carried out including secondary data on food consumption of 33,459 individuals from both sexes, aged 10 years or older, from all Brazilian regions based on microdata of the "2008-2009 Household Budget Survey, Brazilian Dairy Survey." The content of vitamins E, A, and C; zinc; manganese; copper; and selenium from 188 food items, divided into 12 groups, according to the habitual consumption form was analyzed. The means of antioxidant nutrient intake according to the nutritional status were compared using Bonferroni's t-test. RESULTS:: Higher percentages of insufficient intake of vitamins than antioxidant minerals were seen. A significant difference in the intake of vitamin E as to the nutritional status was noticed, wherein the intake in overweight individuals was lower than in those with proper weight. Participants with low weight presented lower intake of almost all antioxidant minerals, except for copper, in which the intake of participants with low weight was equal to those with normal weight. CONCLUSION:: High percentages of insufficient intake of antioxidant nutrients were observed in the studied population, especially vitamins. It was also found that the intake of antioxidant nutrients varied based on nutritional status, gender, and life stage.

Avaliação da ingestão de nutrientes antioxidantes pela população brasileira e sua relação com o estado nutricional / Evaluation of the Brazilian population's intake of antioxidant nutrients and their relation with the nutritional status

RESUMO: Introdução: O estudo dos antioxidantes dietéticos tem ganhado destaque em função da elucidação dos efeitos deletérios do estresse oxidativo ao organismo. Objetivo: Avaliar a ingestão de nutrientes antioxidantes pela população brasileira e sua relação com o estado nutricional. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com coleta de dados secundários do consumo alimentar de 33.459 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, de 10 ou mais anos, de todas as regiões do Brasil, a partir dos microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (2008 - 2009), Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação. Foram analisados os teores das vitaminas E, A e C, zinco, manganês, cobre e selênio de 188 itens alimentares, divididos em 12 grupos, conforme a forma habitual de consumo. As médias de ingestão dos nutrientes antioxidantes de acordo com o estado nutricional foram comparadas por meio do teste t de Bonferroni. Resultados: Foram observados maiores percentuais de ingestão insuficiente para as vitaminas do que para os minerais antioxidantes. Notou-se diferença significativa na ingestão da vitamina E em relação ao estado nutricional, sendo que a ingestão por indivíduos com excesso de peso foi inferior em relação aos com peso adequado. Verificou-se que os indivíduos com baixo peso apresentaram menor ingestão de quase todos os minerais antioxidantes, exceto o cobre, em que a ingestão por indivíduos com baixo peso foi igual à ingestão por aqueles com peso adequado. Conclusão: Elevados percentuais de ingestão insuficiente de nutrientes antioxidantes foram observados na população estudada, especialmente para as vitaminas. Além disso, a ingestão de nutrientes antioxidantes variou conforme o estado nutricional, o sexo e o estágio de vida.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The study of dietary antioxidants has gained prominence owing to the elucidation of the deleterious effects of oxidative stress to the human body. Objective: To evaluate the Brazilian population’s intake of antioxidant nutrients and their association with the nutritional status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out including secondary data on food consumption of 33,459 individuals from both sexes, aged 10 years or older, from all Brazilian regions based on microdata of the “2008-2009 Household Budget Survey, Brazilian Dairy Survey.” The content of vitamins E, A, and C; zinc; manganese; copper; and selenium from 188 food items, divided into 12 groups, according to the habitual consumption form was analyzed. The means of antioxidant nutrient intake according to the nutritional status were compared using Bonferroni’s t-test. Results: Higher percentages of insufficient intake of vitamins than antioxidant minerals were seen. A significant difference in the intake of vitamin E as to the nutritional status was noticed, wherein the intake in overweight individuals was lower than in those with proper weight. Participants with low weight presented lower intake of almost all antioxidant minerals, except for copper, in which the intake of participants with low weight was equal to those with normal weight. Conclusion: High percentages of insufficient intake of antioxidant nutrients were observed in the studied population, especially vitamins. It was also found that the intake of antioxidant nutrients varied based on nutritional status, gender, and life stage.

Estimate of consumption of phenolic compounds by Brazilian population / Estimativa do consumo de compostos fenólicos pela população brasileira

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the intake of phenolic compounds by the Brazilian population. METHODS: To estimate the average per capita food consumption, micro data from the National Dietary Survey and from the Household Budget Survey from 2008 to 2009 was analyzed. The phenolic content in food was estimated from the base of Phenol-Explorer. It was chosen according to compatibility and variety of food items and usual method of preparation. RESULTS: The Brazilian population consumed, on average, 460.15 mg/day of total phenolic compounds, derived mainly from beverages (48.9%), especially coffee and legumes (19.5%). Since this analysis of classes of phenolics it was possible to observe an intake of 314 mg/day of phenolic acids, 138.92 mg/day of flavonoids and 7.16 mg/ day of other kinds of phenolics. Regarding the variables studied this present study shows that those men who live in the countryside and in the northeastern region of the country had a higher consumption of phenolic compounds. Besides, consumption was higher by adults and the elderly, the medium income classes, the population with incomplete and complete primary education and those with adequate nutrition and also overweight status. CONCLUSION: The intake of phenolic compounds can be considered low, especially where consumption of fruit and vegetables is insufficient. We can conclude that coffee and black beans were the best contributors to phenolic intake. .

OBJETIVO: Estimar o consumo de compostos fenólicos pela população brasileira. MÉTODOS: Para estimativa do consumo alimentar médio per capita foram analisados os microdados do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação, da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009. O teor de fenólicos dos alimentos foi estimado a partir da base de dados Phenol-Explorer, considerando a espécie e variedade do alimento e o modo de preparo habitual de consumo. RESULTADOS: A população brasileira consumiu em média 460,15 mg/dia de compostos fenólicos totais, provenientes principalmente das bebidas (48,9%), com destaque para o café, e leguminosas (19,5%). A análise do consumo por classes de fenólicos possibilitou observar uma ingestão de 314 mg/dia de ácidos fenólicos, 138,92 mg/dia de flavonoides e 7,16 mg/dia de outros fenólicos. Com relação às variáveis estudadas, os homens e os indivíduos residentes na zona rural e na região nordeste do país apresentaram maior consumo de compostos fenólicos. Além disso, destacaram-se também os adultos e idosos, as classes de rendimento medianas, a população com ensino fundamental completo ou incompleto e os indivíduos eutróficos e com excesso de peso. CONCLUSÃO: A ingestão de fenólicos totais pode ser considerada baixa, especialmente em razão do consumo insuficiente de frutas e hortaliças. Ressalta-se que o café e o feijão preto foram os principais alimentos contribuintes para o consumo de fenólicos da população brasileira. .

Alimentos funcionais em alimentação coletiva: reflexões acerca da promoção da saúde fora do domicílio / Functional foods in collective feeding: reflections on promoting health outside the home

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to conduct a review and reflect on the importance of functional foods and their applicability in menus of Food and Nutrition Units as a means of promoting health outside the home. Data source: To this end, we carried out a literature review of scientific works published at SciELO, Lilacs and Scholar google for the past 14 years. Conclusions: Several factors have contributed to the dietary changes that are currently occurring, in which the consumption of foods high in fat, sugar and salt has been replacing whole grains, fruit and vegetables. The population's increased purchasing power, the decrease in time to prepare meals, and the changing in household structure, with women working outside the house, has led to the practice of eating out. In this context, there is the need to combine the consumption of a balanced diet that contributes to reduce the risk of diseases and this practice, and that is where the role of functional foods stands out. Successful experiences regarding the inclusion of these foods on menus of Food and Nutrition Units were identified. However, aspects such as the bioavailability of the bioactive compound and creativity in preparations are essential. Thus it is important that the nutritionist provide access to functional foods as well as educational activities to encourage their consumption, because beneficial effects on human health depend on their usual intake

OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão e reflexão sobre a importância dos alimentos funcionais e sua aplicabilidade nos cardápios de Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) como forma de promoção da saúde fora do domicílio. Fonte de dados: Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura das publicações dos últimos 14 anos nas bases de dados SciELO, Lilacs e Google acadêmico. Conclusões: Diversos fatores contribuíram para as modificações dos hábitos alimentares observados atualmente, nos quais o consumo de alimentos ricos em lipídios, açúcares e sal vem substituindo o de cereais integrais, frutas e hortaliças. O aumento do poder aquisitivo da população, a diminuição do tempo de preparo das refeições e a modificação dos núcleos familiares, com a saída da mulher para o mercado de trabalho, culminaram na prática da alimentação fora do domicílio. Nesse contexto surge a necessidade de aliar o consumo de uma alimentação equilibrada e que contribua para redução do risco de doenças a essa prática e é nesse sentido que se destaca o papel dos alimentos funcionais. Foram identificadas experiências bem-sucedidas em relação à inclusão desses alimentos nos cardápios das UAN. No entanto, aspectos como a biodisponibilidade do composto bioativo e a criatividade na elaboração das preparações são fundamentais. Assim, é importante que o nutricionista proporcione o acesso aos alimentos funcionais, bem como ações educativas para incentivo do seu consumo, uma vez que seus efeitos benéficos à saúde humana dependem da ingestão habitual