ABSTRACT
Transbronchial needle aspiration(TBNA) is able to provide definitive answers for a wide variety of pulmonary benign and malignant diseases including infectious diseases,cystic lesions, granulomatous diseases, pulmonary and mediastinal mass, etc. It's proved particularly revolutionary to stage bronchogenic carcinoma during routine flexible bronchoscopy. What's more, TBNA is an extremely safe procedure with no reported major complications. This review introduces the techniques about identifying the target, obtaining the specimen and preparing and interpreting the specimen when conducting TBNA. The complications, a through unusual, and major limitations are also touched in this review.
ABSTRACT
Transbronchial needle aspiration(TBNA) is able to provide definitive answers for a wide variety of pulmonary benign and malignant diseases including infectious diseases,cystic lesions, granulomatous diseases, pulmonary and mediastinal mass, etc. It's proved particularly revolutionary to stage bronchogenic carcinoma during routine flexible bronchoscopy. What's more, TBNA is an extremely safe procedure with no reported major complications. This review introduces the techniques about identifying the target, obtaining the specimen and preparing and interpreting the specimen when conducting TBNA. The complications, a through unusual, and major limitations are also touched in this review.
ABSTRACT
Transbronchial needle aspiration(TBNA) is able to provide definitive answers for a wide variety of pulmonary benign and malignant diseases including infectious diseases,cystic lesions, granulomatous diseases, pulmonary and mediastinal mass, etc. It's proved particularly revolutionary to stage bronchogenic carcinoma during routine flexible bronchoscopy. What's more, TBNA is an extremely safe procedure with no reported major complications. This review introduces the techniques about identifying the target, obtaining the specimen and preparing and interpreting the specimen when conducting TBNA. The complications, a through unusual, and major limitations are also touched in this review.
ABSTRACT
Coral bleaching characterized by the expulsion of symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) is an increasing problem worldwide. Global warming has been implicated as one cause, but the phenomenon cannot be fully comprehended without an understanding of the variability of zooxanthellae populations in field conditions. Results from a 6-year field study are presented, providing evidence of density regulation but also of large variability in the zooxanthellae population with regular episodes of very low densities. These bleaching events are likely to be part of a constant variability in zooxanthellae density caused by environmental fluctuations superimposed on a strong seasonal cycle in abundance.
